Is Local Church Membership Biblical?

Church Communication and Class Logistics

I'm doing good. It's good to see you. There is a sheet floating around. If you'd make sure your name's on it. It's actually over here. And your cell phone. Again, guys, this is... The change for this semester is that I have a cell phone list.

You get put on it. You get the information for the class. And that's the way, hopefully, you have been getting it on your phones. Now, you're also on the church list. So you're also getting prayer requests and other things for the church.

After this class is over, if you no longer want to get information about the church, just message me and I'll take you off the list. But if you want to continue getting information, prayer requests and whatever, I can leave you on the list.

It's up to you. But it's just one of those things. And you can even opt out yourself. Hit stop or whatever, and it'll take you off the list. But I think it's a very good way for this class to get information.

I was able to send out the notes from last week. You guys all got that, right? Which was the PowerPoint presentation. I'm going to do that every week. So this is the presentation for tonight. By Sunday, because it'll take me a couple days, I've got to save it to a PDF and all that stuff.

By Sunday, you should get a text that has this presentation in your phone. So that doesn't mean you don't have to take notes, but it does mean that if you can't read something on this paper, you'll have your own copy of it.

And I think it's just going to be a benefit all around. Let's talk about tonight, what we're doing tonight. You know that this class is Intro to Church Life and Ministry. And tonight we are going to be dealing with the subject of joining a local church.

That is the subject of tonight. And you should have read three chapters in the book. I'm not going to go around and ask everybody to raise their hand if they read the chapters, but I hope that you did.

I hope that you read the chapters in the book because that is part of how you succeed in this class. And certainly I wouldn't say that it would hurt my feelings, but this semester is the only time when it's my book that I'm asking you to read.

So please, do the reading, and we are going to discuss it. In fact, here's how tonight's going to go. We're going to, this is our agenda, it's on the board. We're going to recap the previous lesson and the reading assignment.

Then we are going to ask this question, and this is the focal question of the night. Is local church membership biblical? And then, as time allows, because that will take up the lion's share of our time, we are going to discuss the concept of church governmental structures.

How are churches structured? And different ones are structured different ways. In fact, if I were to ask you, is your church Episcopal, Presbyterian, or Congregational? You might think that I'm asking, are you part of the Episcopal Church or the Presbyterian Church, but I'm not.

When I ask the question in that regard, that is the three different governmental structures of a church. Church is either Episcopal, Presbyterian, or Congregational. Those are three, there are others, but those are the three primary ways that a church is set up.

And we'll talk a little bit later about which one our church is and the church that you're a part of, maybe what it is, and why that matters. So that's what we're going to talk about in a little while.

And then after the break, we will look at expectations of church membership. So tonight is all about joining and being a member of a local church. So let's recap last lesson. Last lesson, we had an introduction to ecclesiology.

What is ecclesiology? It's on the board, you shouldn't have to guess. No, the doctrine of the church. Ecclesiology is the doctrine of the church, and there is a distinction between the universal bride of Christ, which is all believers everywhere who believe in the Lord Jesus Christ.

We are all part of the universal church in that regard. And then the local church and the three fallacies we discussed last week. The first one is, I am the church. People say, I don't have to join a church, I am the church.

That's a fallacy, that's not the case. Some people say every time two or three are gathered, there's a church. That's not true, that's not the way the Bible structures the church. And some people say ministry is more important than what the church believes or teaches.

That's not true either. And if I'm going through these quickly, I'm doing it on purpose. I'm just reminding you of what we talked about last week. I'm not going to reteach the lesson. If you want to hear me explain these fallacies and you weren't here, go pull out the video and watch it.

And then we looked at the purpose and mission of the church. The purpose and mission of the church is given to us in the Great Commission, Matthew 28, 19 and 20, which is go into all the world and preach the gospel.

Go and make disciples, baptizing in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit. The ultimate purpose and mission of the church is to glorify God. This is done through the Holy Spirit-empowered work of making disciples, making mature disciples, who worship Him in spirit and truth.

The Reading Assignment and Questions from the Class

Now, let's talk about the reading assignment. You guys had three chapters. You don't have three chapters every week, but you did have three chapters to get you started. The first chapter was, why is a biblically functioning church important?

Chapter two was, what is the structure of a biblically functioning church? And chapter three was, how does it affect membership? And it was funny, because I asked Ms. Jackie last night, because she's a member of our church, and she was here.

I said, Ms. Jackie, did you read my book? Did you read the chapter? She said, yes. I said, well, what did you think? Because I am curious what people think about the book. And she said, well, it sounded like a sermon from you.

So if you read it and it sounded like one of my sermons, it makes sense, because that's really what it is. It's a book of sermons on this topic that I have written. Does anybody have any questions from the book, from the reading?

Yes, sir, Ross.

I thought it was interesting when you were talking about America. Yeah, so it's easy to fall in that spot where you want a title, like you were speaking about, where they want to join the church and become a member just to have a title.

That's right, entitlement. Or a vote. And, you know, it's so easy to fall in that. Yeah. Just to get a vote.

Yeah. Well, that's part of what we're going to talk about tonight. We're going to talk about the reason for joining a church. And I do think a lot of times people join a church because of the entitlement that comes along with it.

They have a voice now. They have a vote. They have a place in the body. So how do you do that? Yeah. And, again, you mentioned Americanizing the church. I mean, haven't we created the American model of the church where everything is a democracy and it's, you know, we're pushing for 51 and we run everything by Robert's Rules of Order?

Do you guys know what Robert's Rules of Order are? You do. You might not know that you do. Robert's Rules of Order are anytime you hear somebody say, I make a motion, I second the motion, all right, and now we're going to vote, that is based on what is called Robert's Rules of Order.

There are specific rules for how a meeting is to be conducted. And for many years it was actually written in our Constitution. This was before. We have a new Constitution now. But for many years when I first became the pastor, the standard rule of the Constitution of this church, back, you know, 15 years ago, it said that all meetings will be maintained through Robert's Rules of Order, that that will be how they are maintained.

And that would mean, for instance, if Jackie wanted to bring up something in a church meeting, she would have to bring it up, and then someone would have to make a motion to hear what she had to say and put it up for a vote.

Someone would have to second that motion and put it up for a vote, and then the church would have an opportunity to vote. But if nobody seconded it, then it doesn't even get an opportunity for a vote.

It's a very interesting method.

I like the part where just because the majority votes on it doesn't mean it's right. That's right.

You know, interesting that you bring that up because that's an important part of the book that I often bring out to people. Just because a church is able to get a majority to say something is correct doesn't make it so.

And you walk around a lot of churches, they have affirmed so many things that are unbiblical. How? By the majority. And it's, yeah, going off the majority can be very dangerous. Absolutely. All right.

Well, I'm glad you read it. I can tell that there was some reading going on. I'm grateful that you guys are doing that. All right. So tonight we're going to, again, look at, for our agenda, we're going to look at the question of, is local church membership biblical?

What Local Church Membership Means

Is local church membership biblical? And I'm going to jump right to that now. First question on this subject of is local church membership biblical is, what do we mean by local church membership? I know that's a little small, and I apologize.

What do we mean by local church membership? This right out of the gate gets to the heart of whether or not it's biblical. Can we even define it? Can we define what it means to be a member of a local church?

What is membership? I know I have it on the board, but most of you are too far away to read it anyway. What is to be a member of something? To join it. To join it. To be a part of it. To be a part of it.

That's right. And that's what I put on there, right? I said membership means a person is joined to a local body of believers. This is key. You might want to write this one down. It is a covenantal relationship which has expectations on both sides.

We're going to discuss those expectations after the break. We're going to discuss what should the church expect from its members, what should the members expect from the church, but a covenant relationship has expectations.

Does everybody agree? When I married my wife, I made a vow. In fact, I made several vows to my wife. What were the vows that I made? To love, honor, cherish till death do us part. To be faithful to her.

Forsaking all others. Putting her first in all things. That was a vow that I made, and then I expected her to reciprocate that vow. To love, honor, cherish as long as we both shall live, right? We had a mutual covenant, a mutual agreement together.

Now, are there unilateral covenants? Yes. We talk about the covenant God made with Abraham as being a unilateral covenant where he made the covenant without Abraham having to do anything. He says, I will bless you.

I will make of you a great nation. I will give you this land. God did those things, and it was a promissory covenant, a unilateral covenant. But the covenant that we enter into in the church relationship is a mutual covenant where the church has expectations and the person entering the church has expectations.

Paul compares the church member to a body part. You don't have to look it up, but 1 Corinthians 12, we probably remember it from our Bible reading. What does Paul say? He says, The hand can't say to the foot, I have no need of you.

What if the whole body were just a hand? Or what if the whole body were just a foot? Or the eye can't say to the ear? If the eye didn't have the ear, where would be the sense of hearing? Or if the ear didn't have the eye, where would be the sense of seeing?

And so the members of the body collectively become the body. Oftentimes, when our elders are talking about situations that we have to address within the church, we will use this language. We'll say, well, that affects the body, or that doesn't affect the body.

And it's just part of our vernacular because there will be things where maybe there's an issue going on and we'll say, the body needs to be aware of this, or the body needs to address this. Or some things, like if there's some, let's say there's somebody out in the world doing something crazy.

Well, that's really not, that's not affecting the body. We're not going to bring the body into the, you know, so it becomes, it's very much a body. The body is the local church. Now, you could say, well, it's the whole body of Christ is a universal church, but we made that distinction last week, right?

There's the universal church, but then the universal body. But I'm, what did I say, for the majority of this class, local body. That's this body. So, for instance, let's say you come to our church. And let's say you join, or rather not join, you visit our church.

Let's say you visit our church for six months, but you don't join. Are you part of the body? No. Simple answer, you're not. Because you have not entered into a covenant relationship with the body. That's another way the elders might discuss.

We might say, well, you know, as much as we love Frank, Frank isn't yet part of the body. As much as we love Frank, he is not yet covenanted into the, he is not submitted to the leadership here. He has not become a member of this body.

And as much as we'll love him and care for him and minister to him, we don't consider him part of the body because he's not yet joined the body. Does that make sense? Getting that analogy, right? You're not yet grafted in.

You haven't become a member. You're a believer. You're a Christian. You're part of the universal body, but you're not part of this body. Or maybe somebody visits us from another church. We talk about this on Sunday morning because we share communion every week.

And what do we say, Jackie? We say, if you're a member of this body, then the Bible says you should examine yourself to see if you should partake. But if you're not a member of this body, but you're a member of another body, and you're visiting with us, then you are welcome to take as long as you're not at any adverse situation with the other body.

Like, if they're under discipline at another church, they can't come here and take communion. See, because they shouldn't be taking communion at all. If they're under discipline, they should be reconciling with the church that they're a part of.

So we say, if you're under discipline from anywhere, you should not partake because you have an issue with the body that you are a part of. Make sense? Start seeing the connection there. All right. Now, moving on to the second part of this screen.

The New Testament and the Local Church

Almost the entire New Testament is written to local churches or local church leaders. Many of the New Testament commands are meant to be fulfilled within the local church. Again, we're asking the question, is local church membership biblical?

Well, if the Bible is written to the church or church leaders, and it's written about the church and how the church is to function, this again gives us a reasoning for the local church and local church membership.

In fact, how many times do we see the term one another in the New Testament? Love one another, bear one another's burdens, care for one another. One another, one another, one another, one another. Right?

A lot. Yeah, a lot. I think it's like 36 times. Brother Andy knows because we've talked about it. I think it's 36 is what he told me. That there are those one another's. And how are those one another's meant to be ultimately fulfilled?

Within the local body, within the local assembly, the one another's. In fact, John 13, 34, 35, Jesus said, A new commandment I give to you that you love one another just as I have loved you. You also are to love one another.

By this, all people will know that you are my disciples if you have love for one another. Right? There's three of them, three one another's in a row. And he's talking to the disciples, but how is this played out in life?

It's played out in life through the ministry of the church. This is where the idea where somebody says, Well, I'm a lone wolf Christian. No such thing. From a biblical perspective, there is no such thing as a lone wolf Christian.

The idea that a Christian who doesn't need the church. How do you fulfill the one another's if you don't have ministry within the body? And how do you have consistent ministry within the body if there is no covenant relationship with other believers?

You say, Well, I go to this church, and I spend time at this church until the pastor says something I don't like. Then I'll go to this church, and I'll sit at this church until this pastor says something I don't like, or this person rubs me the wrong way, or this person tells me my kid's ugly, or whatever, and I decide to go to another church.

I'm just kidding about that last one. But, you know, I move around. You'd be surprised. I've seen people float from church to church to church for years, never join a one. They go in. They soak up as much ministry as they can while they're there, and then when something happens they don't like, they just pick up their stakes, and they move their tent to another church.

There's no covenant responsibility. There's no covenant relationship. It's just bouncing. Again, Brother Andy, I just don't know why he's on my mind tonight, but he's bouncing from lily pad to lily pad like frogs.

Yes? I mean, what does it look like to make that covenant? Are you announcing it in front of the church, or is it to a pastor?

In our church, it is something that is done in front of the body. So, for instance, have you been baptized? Yes. Okay. So if you have already been baptized, then you would come to a new member class. We do require that you take a class only to understand what we teach and who we are.

Part of what we're doing tonight is actually part of the new members class, why is church membership biblical, all those things. And once you've taken the new membership class, and an elder has talked to you about your testimony, how did you get saved, how did you get to where you are today, then we would announce your desire to join before the congregation a week before you join.

So that way, if anybody in the congregation wants to ask you any questions, if they want to come to you and have you in their home, or if there's anything that might be a question about you joining the church, because, again, the whole church is receiving you in, not just the pastor or the elders, the whole church is.

So we announce at least a week ahead of time, this brother wants to join the church, if anybody wants to speak to him, please do. And then the next Sunday, you would come forward at the end of the service, and we would ask you to repeat the good confession.

In our church, we ask you to say that I believe that Jesus is the Christ, the Son of the living God, and I have received him as Lord and Savior through repentance and faith. That's the good confession.

You make that confession before the church, and we receive you as a member from that point going forward.

I don't know if you're going to highlight on this, but it talks about Paul excommunicating because he had continuous sin. You can't be excommunicated if you're not a member.

I love you because that is literally the next thing we're going to talk about. Because here's what I say, it raises the question, is church membership a formal or informal process? It's formal because a person can't just be present in the church and consider themselves a member.

They have to join the church. They have to covenant with the church. And the next thing, what you just said on the board, logic dictates that there was formal church membership in the first century because there was a formal exclusion process.

We read multiple times in the New Testament that there was a process by which a person could be put out of the church. And you can't put someone out of something if they've never been put into it. You can't exclude what's never been included.

And so, in fact, I'll tell you a story. I had a friend who was a pastor, and he's a wonderful pastor, wonderful teacher, and they were planting a church, meaning they were starting a new work. And he and I had lunch together.

And in the conversation over lunch, I asked them how they were going to handle church membership. Sort of like the question you just asked, how are you going to receive new members? And his statement at the beginning was, well, we haven't really made a decision about that yet.

At first, we're not going to have formal church membership. We're just going to have an informal gathering. Whoever's there, we'll treat them like church members. I said, well, that may work for a season.

I said, but that doesn't work when you have to exercise church discipline. Well, there's no order in that either. That's right. There's no order, and there's no covenant that they've broken. You see, to exercise church discipline, there has to be something that they've submitted to to be under that discipline.

You can't exercise discipline on someone who is not submitted to the authority of the body. Does that make sense? In fact, the passage I have up here is 1 Corinthians 5. This is Paul writing to the church at Corinth.

The church had sent him a letter and had delivered that letter to him and told him about many issues that were happening within the church. And one of the issues that was happening in the church is that there was a man who had his father's wife.

And we don't think that that's his mother. Based upon the written language, we believe that it was his stepmother. But apparently this man had had an illicit affair with his stepmother, and the church had not seen fit to exercise its role in exercising discipline.

So this is what Paul says. He says it's actually reported that there is sexual immorality among you and of a kind that is not tolerated even among pagans. Even the pagans didn't allow for incest, and they considered that a form of incest, even though it was a stepmother.

Pagans wouldn't even allow that. He had already pronounced judgment on the one who did such a thing. So, Paul says this man is to be put out of the church. In fact, the language is strong. He is to be delivered over to Satan.

Hard words. Well, he's not just mad. He's saying this is a serious matter. You know, our church has had to exercise discipline a few times over the years, and it is never a pleasant experience. Well, no, it's unrepentant sin.

That's right. You're doing it for his own sake. That's right. And for the good of the body. Later in this course, I think it's class 7. You can look in the syllabus. We're going to actually look at church discipline in a more full sense.

What's it supposed to look like? What's the order? But ultimately, my point in tonight's lesson is simply to say, church discipline exists. A formal exclusion process exists biblically. Therefore, an inclusion process must exist, because you can't exclude what is not included.

Yes, sir.

It's interesting, this topic, because sometimes in following these things, sometimes it makes us uncomfortable. Yes. You know what I mean? I mean, some of this stuff makes you uncomfortable. And so that's why I'm excited to learn more about it, because some stuff makes you uncomfortable.

I mean, can I give an example? An example would be legislating the sacrament.

Oh, no. It makes me uncomfortable. When you say legislating it, you mean?

I mean by someone saying it or denying it. Fencing it.

That's one way of legislating it. I get what you're saying.

Yes, yes. And that makes I've probably had this conversation with a couple of people in the room, and that just makes me uncomfortable. But it could be by ignorance that makes that uncomfortable for me.

And so I need to learn more. Well, and that's part of what when we talk about discipline, when we do get to that class, I'm going to talk about how some churches exercise discipline through the sacraments or through the ordinances by holding it back from certain people or saying you can't take for this amount of time.

Our church exercises, we don't exercise in that form. We say if a person is out, they're just out. They're out of the body. We don't have like steps where a person will because I've seen churches where it's like, well, you're under the first step of discipline, which is you can't have the table, but you're still here, and we don't do it that way.

If you're under if you are in and again, I'm jumping to Class 7. No, no, it's fine. If you're in habitual unrepentant sin and you refuse to repent, if you refuse the counsel of the church and the elders and you continually let's say, for instance, you're a man, you met a woman, you started living together.

I'm not using you as an example, Frank, but I'm just saying if that happened and we came to you and said, Brother, you know you're in sin, and you say, I know I'm in sin, but I'm happy. I've heard that a thousand times.

I know I'm in sin, but I'm happy. And I say, okay, but you're a member of this church. You've covenanted not to live in open rebellion to God, and you are. So you have a choice. Repent or we're going to bring you before the church and we're going to remove you from membership.

It's not a threat. It just is what it is. This is what's going to happen. Because as a cancer cannot remain in the body and the body do well, neither can a member who is in habitual unrepentant sin remain in the body and the body do well.

So that means you would have to marry or repent. Well, we would actually, depending on the circumstance, we would encourage them to get married if that were the right thing to do. If one was a believer and one wasn't a believer, we might not encourage them to be married.

We might encourage them to separate. Do they still come to church? Are they just going to be a part of it? Again, we're getting to class seven. Well, there's a rabbit hole here. There is a big question.

Some people would say they're allowed to continue to come to church. And that, again, in our particular body, if a person is excommunicated, that means cut off. That means if they want to come back into the body, they have to repent before they come back into the body.

Even to hear the gospel? Yes, they've heard the gospel. They have heard the gospel multiple times. And we will continue to proclaim the gospel to them, but they are not welcome to come sit within the body.

Again, our church is different about that, I will say. Our church holds a very different some churches would say, no, we want them to continue to come hear the gospel. The problem is not that they haven't heard the gospel.

Right, right. I understand that. I mean, it would damage the body if you allowed them to come back and you're seeing that they can do whatever they want and there wasn't any consequences. There was no consequences, that's right.

So like I said, I may get an email about that because there may be somebody out there that disagrees, and we do have people that watch online. Understand this, I do understand different churches do that different ways, but the way we understand the text when Paul says, deliver them over to Satan for the destruction of the flesh, that they may be saved in the day of the Lord, the idea is turn them over.

Don't continue to coddle, but turn them over for this thing. And pray for their repentance. And the other thing we do when it happens, and I know Jackie may remember at least one time last year that this happened, we say, and the matter is settled, there is no more conversation.

You don't go out in the parking lot and carry this conversation. The only reason we should talk about this is to pray for this person's repentance. This does not become a point of gossip or church dissension.

So moving on, a formal exclusion process denotes a formal inclusion process. You can't be put out if you were never put in. Only if there were an organized body could it be assembled to perform such an act.

Going back to last week, I said you can't have a disorganized mass of people exercise a discipline because there's no order, there's no structure. There has to be order and structure. It doesn't have to be Robert's Rules of Order, it doesn't have to be motion carried kind of thing, but there does have to be order.

And I'll point to the third bullet point here. Only if this body were made up exclusively of people who had professed Jesus Christ could such an act have any foundation. See, that's how somebody becomes a part of the body.

You have to be a believer in Jesus Christ. I'll give you a historical story. Back during the time of Jonathan Edwards, and you may not have ever heard of Jonathan Edwards, but he was very influential in the First Great Awakening that happened in the United States.

He preached the sermon Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God. His church tried to institute something called associate membership. Associate membership was a person who could be part of the body without confessing Christ.

The reason why they did this is because there were social benefits to being part of the church. There were certain things, you couldn't serve in office, you couldn't serve in certain places in the community if you were not part of the local church.

So they had associate membership, a membership that would allow an unbeliever to be part of the body, and even take communion. First of all, that's a dangerous thing. And did you know Jonathan Edwards was removed from his church?

Jonathan Edwards fought against that and was removed from his church. One shows you how powerful politics can be, even in the local body. And how ridiculous a thing, the idea that we can have unbelievers as part of the body.

But hey, I know a church in Atlanta today that receives unbelievers in the body. They brag that they have atheist church members because we're open to anybody. That's their bragging point. We're open to anybody.

We even have atheist church members. Such a thing is beyond reasonable in my estimation. But that is how people see the church, that it's just open to anybody. No, the Bible tells us that the church is made up of those who have professed the Lord Jesus Christ and have been baptized.

The church is not for people who refuse baptism. Baptism does not save, but baptism is the sign that we have been made part of his body. That's the initial sign of entrance into his body. So if somebody comes to me and says, I want to join your church, but I won't be baptized.

Sorry. We're not relaxing our standards because you don't want to get wet.

That's not how it works. I mean, most of the people that get saved don't want to get baptized either. I would say so, yeah.

Now, based upon this, we know that church membership is grounded on the foundation of a statement of faith in Christ, which would include baptism, that's what I just said. Now, moving on to the next, again, I'm making a case for local church membership tonight.

The early church was meticulous when it came to recording its members. You might say, well, what does this matter? Well, we're making a case for membership, right? If you go through the book of Acts, what do we see in Acts 2, 41, Acts 2, 46, 47 and Acts 4, 4?

We see numbers. A lot of numbers, right? The first one is 3 ,000 souls. The next one, it says the Lord added to their number day by day, those who are being saved. In Acts 4, 4, it says the number came to about 5 ,000.

How would they know that? They're counting. Now, I'm not saying that numbers are the only thing that are important, but you should know who's in the body. One of the things we do here, and again, our church is not a model, and I'm not holding us up as a standard.

I'm saying it because it's what I do. This is what we do. Somebody may do it better. Somebody may have a better way. But what we do here is we have an ongoing church directory that is constantly being updated as new people come in and as people leave for whatever reason, whether they're leaving to go to another church.

Some people leave because they move. Some people leave because of discipline. Very few, but there are, you know, and the directory tells the elders who's part of the flock, who is the body. You understand?

That's important. And I think that the early church, now it doesn't say they had a church secretary, but there was somebody who was keeping tabs. There was somebody who was keeping up with an idea of who's in and who's not, who's a part and who's not a part of this body, right?

Now, I don't think 5 ,000 people were in one local church. Understand that. This is probably beginning the process of breaking up into smaller groups that meet together. I don't know that for sure, but, you know, 5 ,000 people meeting in one place would have been difficult.

I mean, it's difficult now. We only seat 150 people. You know, I mean, think of how big 5 ,000, there's only a few churches in Jacksonville that seat. Exactly. Yeah. And so when we see like the church in Ephesus, we don't know how many people were in the church of Ephesus.

But we have to consider the fact that that's a citywide church that's gathering. Were there smaller groups that broke off? We don't know. But we know that becomes very common in the second, third century as we start seeing churches break up and leaderships.

And what is Paul doing as he's going on his missionary journeys? He's planting churches and he's raising up elders in those churches, right? He's raising up leaders in those churches. And so this is what we see.

And like I said, I don't know what they had as far as a membership role. I'm pretty sure they didn't have a texting list. But they had some way of knowing who was and who was not a part of the body. So is church membership, is local church membership biblical?

Based upon these things and other scriptural indications, I would say membership in the local church is clearly biblical. But it has often been misunderstood, especially in Western society. How has it been misunderstood?