Bearing Witness to the Truth | 1 John 5:6-8

Let's turn over to our Bibles once again to the letter of 1st John chapter 5. 1st John chapter 5 and this time we're going to begin in verse 5. 1st John 5 5 God's Word says. Who is the one who overcomes the world but he who believes that Jesus is the Son of God.

This is the one who came by water and blood Jesus Christ not with the water only but with the water and with the blood. It is the Spirit who bears witness because the Spirit is the truth. For there are three witness.

There are three that bear witness the Spirit and the water and the blood and the three are in agreement. This is God's Word. Amen. So I Made a slight adjustment to the sermon title for today. It's bearing witness to the truth bearing witness to the truth.

That's what this sermon is about and I'm also going to do a deep dive into what's known as the Johan in common and Much of this is which is all tied together and related by By what a witness is all about biblically.

The Water, the Blood, and Christ's Earthly Ministry

So we saw last Lord's Day that The one who came is none other is none other than Jesus the Christ the Son of God. Amen, the one true God the eternal divine Son of God the Father not a creation. Not a not a natural.

He wasn't. He didn't come into existence. He always was the logos was God who came to us in water and in blood in water and in blood. And We saw to that verse 6 Here focuses on the beginning and end of Christ's ministry on the earth.

Right his baptism and his death those are bookends their bookends in Christ's ministry and.

And.

They are pointed to by the synecdoches of Water and blood the parts that refer to the whole water referring to the baptism and the blood referring to his death on the cross. We saw too that it is the blood that makes atonement by the life.

Putting something to death by shedding its blood so that someone else can live. It's a vicarious atonement or sacrifice a propitiation for sin a satisfaction of punishment and wrath. Amen, so now. Continuing on to the last part of verse 6.

It is the Spirit who bears witness because the Spirit is the truth. The Spirit is the truth. Now notice a key word there obviously is witness. Witness. The word witness there in the Greek is where we get the word martyr from martyr and.

So what does it mean then that the Spirit of God bears witness? What does that mean? And Gordon Clark's commentary is very very helpful here. He says the word witness is a participle. Meaning he who witnesses.

He who witnesses in a court trial a certain man. Or a woman is called a witness. The witness gives his testimony. His testimony. He recounts something. He swears to its truth. He swears to its veracity or its truth.

Here the Holy Spirit is the one who witnesses and he does so because he himself is the truth. Amen he is the truth. Remember that God is.

Truth.

Jesus Christ is wisdom logos the truth. And. The Spirit is none other than the Spirit of truth. That is what so irritates the irrational and the neo-orthodox and the pietist who make truth some kind of emotional encounter.

Irrational just something much like Emil Bruner did or Soren Kierkegaard did. The Dane the Danish theologian who talked about an infinitely irrational passion. It's not about the external what but the n-word how.

It's not about what you're worshiping, but how you do it. How intensely do you do it? So you can be a Satanist and as long as you're passionate about being a Satanist. You can be more in the truth than a Christian who is not as passionate.

That's the absurdity of what this kind of theology leads to. And. That's not what God teaches us because he is a God of truth. Turn with me in the letter to the Romans chapter 8 verse 15 as we. See more as to what scripture speaks to regarding the Spirit of God.

Testifying in Romans chapter 8 verse 15. God's Word speaks to us for you. Believers have not received a spirit of slavery or of bondage. Leading to fear again. But you have received the spirit of adoption as sons the Holy Spirit by whom we cry out.

Abba Father Father God the Spirit Himself testifies testifies with with our spirit. That we are children of God and if children also heirs. Heirs of God and fellow heirs with Christ if indeed we suffer with him.

So that we may also be glorified with him. Amen so this very powerfully tells us a profound truth. We God doesn't leave us to our own devices to figure out if we belong to him or not. God gives to us his his own spirit and his own spirit.

Testifies with our own spirit that we belong to him that we have been adopted. That's a beautiful promise. Amen, that's a beautiful promise from the Lord God Himself.

And.

Similarly our Baptist confession of faith says in chapter 1 that we may be influenced and persuaded by the testimony of the Church of God to hold a high and reverent regard for the Holy Scriptures. Moreover the glory of its contents the efficacy of its doctrine the majesty of its style The agreement among all its parts the expanse of the whole which is to give all glory to God The full revelation it gives of the only way for salvation Together with many other incomparable excellencies.

I'm come it's complete perfection all these arguments provide Abundant evidence that it is indeed the Word of God yet not withstanding.

This.

Our full persuasion and assurance of its infallible truth and divine authority comes from None other than the inward work of the Holy Spirit. Bearing witness. Bearing witness by and with the word in our hearts in our minds.

The heart is the mind primarily according to Scripture. It's not by some mystical irrational emotional Experiential encounter like they often like to say it is by belief in the truth. By belief in the truth just like Jesus said in his high priestly prayer here John 17 17.

Sanctify them in the truth thy word is the truth. God is truth Therefore his word is truth because God by nature is.

Truth.

So this is what? God is all about. He's all about this. So he bears witness because the Spirit is himself true and the truth and the truth.

God of Truth in the Psalms, Prophets, and Gospel of John

Now.

This this this reminds me of one of my university professors who he taught a it was a religious studies class and He claimed that the Bible It may contain Nuggets of truth here and there But that wasn't it's not its primary focus.

The primary focus of the Bible is not the truth its stories its stories and lessons and and and myths that are Doesn't really matter whether it's true or not. That's not relevant. What's relevant is what they point to or what they're teaching us and You hear this a lot from liberal or unbelieving Scholars professors even so-called Christians who will claim this is how they try to explain away Genesis.

They deny the six-day creation of Genesis and they'll say well, it's you know, it's it's poetic language it's it doesn't really you know, God can use evolution to take to to bring about creation even though flatly contradicts the Genesis account and You have false teachers like Tim Keller and members of the bio logos and Francis Collins all these guys that Teach these falsehoods and they contradict the scriptures Like our confession says the the God is not the author of confusion.

He doesn't contradict himself Why because he is a god of?

Truth.

Amen, he is a god of truth. So you often hear brilliant men and women and scholars saying very false and foolish things like this. Because what sayeth the scriptures beloved we just we just saw that the Spirit of God.

Contrary to what these people say the Spirit of God is the truth because the Spirit is the truth. Period. No, ifs no ands no, buts no. Yeah, but it's poetic. Yeah, but it's metaphorical. No. The Spirit is literally the truth and bears witness to nothing but the truth.

That's why he bears witness. He is a true witness to the truth and nothing but the truth. Psalm 31 5 Says into your hand I commit my spirit. Remember when Jesus said those words when he was expiring on the cross Into thy hands I commit my spirit.

You have ransomed me. Oh Yahweh God of what of lies of myths of stories. No God of truth Lord God of truth. Amen. That is hallelujah. Amen. Here King David the psalmist entrusts his spirit to God acknowledging him as the one and only God of truth a Testament to God's reliability and to the trustworthiness of all his words and his promises all his words and his promises.

I love how we read also from today's In the psalm psalm 119 how he repeatedly says Psalm 119 142 your righteousness is an everlasting righteousness and your law is.

What.

Truth your law is truth. Thy word is truth. The sum of thy word is Nothing but the truth. So, how can these people say that. Well that it's not so much about whether it's true or not. What are you talking about?

You clearly haven't read the Bible or you don't believe it. You're you're contradicting the plain teaching. This doesn't take a theology degree to figure it out. It's plain old and New Testament. What is God concerned with?

What is God a god of? A god of.

Truth.

Turn with me to the book of Isaiah the prophet Isaiah 65. Isaiah 65 verse 15. We will see another powerful statement from God himself. Isaiah chapter 50 65 verse 15. God's Word says the Lord himself says You will leave your name for a curse to my chosen ones Lord Yahweh will put you to death But my slaves will be called by another name.

Because he who is blessed in the earth will be blessed by the God of what of truth and he who swears in the earth will swear by the God of what the God of.

Truth.

Because the former distresses are forgotten and because they are hidden from my sight. Amen. There's a double emphasis there an emphatic repetition that God is the God of truth. It's in the law. It's in the Psalms.

It's in the prophets. It's everywhere and it's in the New Testament as we will see shortly. This verse like many others Recognizes God as the truth and the God of truth and again Exercising the analogy of Scripture it is says repeatedly.

He is God and there is no other. There is no other God. All the other gods are lies. Because there is only one true God like the Bible says one true God and his unique son the Messiah Jesus Christ the righteous.

So This God is the truth the God of truth by whom people swear and bless themselves indicating his supreme authority and the certainty the truthfulness of his words his law of.

Truth.

Amen, and then the gospel of John. Remember the gospel of John chapter 14. This is a memory verse. We should all have this verse memorized. Verses 5 6. Thomas said to Christ Lord, we do not know where you are going.

How do we know the way and what does Jesus say to him? I? am the way and the truth and the.

Life.

Eternal life. No one comes to the father, but through me. And this is so powerful. So powerful. And yes, there's a sense in which When Jesus or God says that he is the truth It means that he is the source of all truth.

He is Wisdom he is the truth because he contains the truth all truth. He is a source of it and Everything he says is true. This is one thing if anything bothers liberals. Emotionalist Pietist even though they may sound pious and they make you know, they may be very they may very well be Christians, but they are very Shallow in their understanding that the truth is by definition.

Truth is by definition Propositional. You will hear them say truth. What. It's not about belief in a creed. But about trust in a person. They try to make it all mystical. It's not about trust believing a creed but trusting a person.

See they try to make it more personal. It's like but how do you know who Jesus is? It's by trusting the right creed the right propositions the right sentences and declarations proclamations about who Christ is.

Because truth is by definition Propositional. Propositional it is a declarative sentence. Sentences. It is doctrinal. It is intellectual. Belonging to the mind the heart. They'll try to say, you know, oh.

It's.

Trusting a person they try to make it something else and That is nonsense. That is absurdity that the Bible and God himself rebukes repeatedly all throughout the scriptures. God is a God of truth. And for you to know the truth to know Jesus Christ You must believe his words.

What did Jesus say? My words are spirit and life. So what me we must believe are the propositions That Jesus Christ taught in his word. That is what Christianity is all about. That is why God put it in a book for us to read and absorb and preach and understand and hear and believe.

It's it's not about giving us ecstatic visions and things. Yes. Sure those things happen. But those visions even those visions were meant to portray or to relay a message from God to be communicated and understood rationally.

Consistently, this is what God is all about. Take note of this. Later on too for the rest of this passage because the Apostle will continue to draw this out. Truth then is the ultimate primary concern and Claim of God.

What are we saved by? Belief in his truth. It is the primary concern and claim of God and of all his word. It is his very nature. For it is impossible for God. To what? To lie. Amen, and we who have taken refuge in him would have strong encouragement to take hold of the hope set before us in God's promises.

A True hope. Sound hope. Why is it true? Why is it sound. What why is this hope something that we can take? Encouragement and refuge in because it is true. You can't take refuge in a lie. A lie is not true.

That's why we can't trust lies or believe lies because they lead us to error and sin and self-deception. There's no refuge in the in lies. And by God's grace the Spirit bears witness with us that we.

He causes us to believe the truth. Regenerates us our wicked sinful nature regenerates our Minds and causes us to believe the truth like scripture says. Praise God all glory be to God. Now us from Hebrews 6 18.

The Johannine Comma and Textual Criticism

Now that we come to a very important aspect of this passage this verse. Specifically the next verses 7 through 8. I want to read it again in the legacy standard version. So verse 6 it is a spirit who bears witness because the spirit is the truth.

For there are three that bear witness the spirit and the water and the blood. And. The three are in agreement. The three agree as one in other words.

Now.

Pay careful attention here because some Bible translations include additional words Known as the Johannine comma or in Latin known as the comma Johannine Johannine meaning for the Apostle John. So in the New King James for example You will find verse 7 says this.

For there are three that bear witness in Heaven the Father the Word and the Holy Spirit and these three are one. And there are three that bear witness on earth The spirit the water and the blood and these three agree as one.

So it adds extra witnesses their heavenly witnesses and earthly witnesses on earth and they all agree. So which version is correct is The modern textual version correct which removes which doesn't have those or.

The.

King James Family tradition that includes these extra words. What is which one is correct? How do we know? How do we know that?

And.

This brings me to my past. In my previous years when I was younger in the faith. I was persuaded by King James only ism and.

This.

This frankly is it can be a very dangerous thing because We have to be very careful with these movements because oftentimes you will find that they rewrite history or they deny history or they They don't speak.

It's not true what their arguments are not true. They are false and They'll make claims like I used to I used to preach this I used to share this with folks and I had my King James Bible defenders said and everything.

I was hardcore. I was all-in and.

And.

You know, I used to say things like all the other. I actually convinced my wife in college to throw away all her Bibles that weren't King James and She had trust with issues with me after that, but we worked it out eventually.

We.

They I used to say like all these other Bible versions are they're corrupt because they remove verses they remove The Trinity they remove the Trinity from the Bible, how dare they right. They they remove Several verses and they change them and all this stuff and It's based on assumptions.

About.

The underlying Greek texts of the New Testament and the Hebrew of the Old Testament.

So.

This is we have to examine this carefully because this is very common today there's a lot of cult-like movements and false movements that we have to watch out for and Because this passage in particular is one of the most controversial textual variants of the New Testament Because it deals with a weighty issue it's the issue of the Trinity right the doctrine of the Trinity so there is some Controversy a lot of controversy behind it.

Even though we will find that there really shouldn't be in a sense now what is the textual variant. I've mentioned this before some time ago a Textual variant are Textual variants are places in biblical manuscripts.

Okay copies of the scriptures where there is a difference between the texts between the same passage or verse or word or in the Bible. Oftentimes they're spelling differences or word order differences but the vast majority of these textual variants or Differences are not viable meaning that they do not affect the actual meaning of the text.

So you'll find liberal scholars and Muslims and people who deny the scriptures. They'll say well there look at all. There's hundreds of thousands of variants. It's like yeah, but Like not even 1 of them make any difference not even 1

So they're very misleading. Only not even 1 of them of all textual variants are Actually viable meaning that they change the meaning or there's a different meaning or sense of what it says and even those Differences those 1 differences do not affect the actual doctrines of Scripture.

Like this one this one teaches the Trinity, okay. There's other passages that teach the Trinity. We don't lose the Trinity by not having that verse. But it's there and it teaches the Trinity. Okay, great so and some of the other main major variants are the longer ending of Mark the Gospel of Mark and The pericope adultery which is the story of adultery in the latter part of John chapter 7 The woman caught in adultery those are the biggest variants, but they're they don't affect any doctrine.

So this is an amazing testament to God's omnipotent providence Governing and preserving the scriptures for us. It's an amazing testimony to his truth, which I preached on the previous series on scripture alone.

So this question will require us to dig into some history and church history and textual criticism a lot of churches neglect us, but we cannot avoid it because the liberals the the cults. These King James only is the these the Muslims they're all going to go there.

So we need to be prepared and other Christians. I have misunderstandings of this a lot of Christians have no idea what this is about. Let it not be so among us beloved. We cannot be ignorant of these things.

Because they are dealing with the very foundation of our faith of the scriptures the ultimate authority of our faith in life the scriptures it behooves us to know then how the scriptures came about and How do we?

Choose, how do we know how do we determine what variants are correct? So I'm going to need to refer to some solid reliable sources. To explain these things because it is a complex advanced field of study.

This does require advanced training and learning and knowledges and in textual criticism. Which is very difficult very difficult to do it is not easy and a lot of these Christians who may they may have Good good.

They may have good intentions. They don't realize oftentimes that this is a very complicated subject and it requires expertise acquires skills many skills. To know how to decipher ancient texts that are very hard to read even if you know the ancient languages.

It requires a lot of skill to do these things properly. So that you don't end up doing what Jehovah's Witnesses do and they corrupt the Bible because none of the translators were translators they corrupted it because none of them were trained in the languages and They imposed their own agenda into the translation the mistranslation.

This is no trivial matter. So what is Textual criticism then I kind of already explained it just now Rip and if you remember the sermon series that I preached on scripture alone.

I.

Refer to the tens of thousands of Biblical Old and New Testament manuscripts ancient ones in Greek and Hebrew and in several languages Syriac Targum Latin and so on. All of those manuscripts. Textual criticism is the study of those thousands and tens of thousands of various manuscript Witnesses.

They're called witnesses very fittingly witnesses to the scriptures. Yet another example of how these things bear witness, okay?

These.

Because things can bear witness It's not just It's not just The it's not just people that bear witness that's very important to understand. Things can bear witness as well Which we saw the water and the blood the baptism and the death of Christ bearing witness to the Son of God Being who he says he is.

So.

We can have We the the manuscript copies Ancient versions and medieval manuscripts all of these things are all witnesses That bear witness to the truth of the scriptures. Because they are the scriptures they bear witness to the truth of it.

That's very important to understand. Beloved so Pastor Colin Smith Says this very helpful. What explanation in his introductory series to textual criticism. I recommended you check that out. It's included in the sermon notes.

He says. He explains that textual criticism is of the most critical importance for the Christian Church. Most critical importance for the Christian Church. For the Christian the text under Examination is God's words communicated through men and to men to us.

If these words are inspired are Breathed out by God then it is of paramount importance of supreme importance that the Christian know exactly which words God intended The God-breathed authors to write.

Right.

Indeed the question of what the pastor is going to preach to his congregation In terms of the biblical text should drive the Christian textual critic to pursue excellence in this field of study. We need to know what God's Word is.

Amen. Because there's different Variants out there. We need to know what the words of God are. There is almost unanimous Certainty that given the quantity and quality of New Testament manuscripts that have been preserved throughout the world and We're talking tens of thousands beloved over 25 almost 30 ,000 New Testament witnesses tens of thousands of Old Testament witnesses.

Over.

6 ,000 Greek manuscripts of the New Testament of the original language beloved These manuscripts that have been preserved whether entire Bibles or small fragments. Within all of these Manuscripts the exact wording of the original New Testament text has been preserved.

It has been the work of the textual critic is to sift through the manuscripts and To determine the best to the best of his ability. Given the evidence available the witnesses available. The Manuscripts which ones contain the original words of God?

Are they all contained in one manuscript a family of related manuscripts or perhaps a lot of extremely diverse manuscripts. And by diverse. There's very little diversity in most in though the manuscripts.

The manuscripts all agree in over 85 The major variants like I mentioned are stories or statements that don't affect really the meaning of The the context or of the doctrines of Scripture. Rightly understood.

So.

This is a path. It's One of the scholars that I'll also refer to Daniel Wallace. He's also a textual critic and that's not a bad thing. A textual critic is just somebody who engages in this work who tries to?

Determine what the original variants are. Because there's differences and we can't ignore those differences, okay, it's not a bad thing. That's a good thing. That means that we have a crossword puzzles say you have a crossword puzzle of 500 pieces.

You have a crossword puzzle of 600 pieces and you need to determine which ones are the original ones. That's what we have. We have the original pieces. We just need to determine which ones are the original ones.

We know we have them and We have that certainty and we can tell that's the science of in study of textual criticism. That helps us to determine which readings are Authentic which ones are original which ones are more ancient and more closely attest to the original.

Because we don't have the originals anymore. We only have the copies. But these copies are faithful witnesses Amen to its truth and we can know that because they have been preserved Tenaciously through God's providence and they say the same thing that they said Thousands of years ago.

It's amazing. It's amazing no other work of antiquity Comes even close to this like I mentioned in the previous series. I encourage you to check that out if you want to review those amazing Testimonies.

So what is the textual support for the Johan in comma then for these extra words about the Trinity in 1st John 5 7? What support is there in these witnesses? Are there ancient witnesses that attest to these words?

First of all before we get to that is the Johan in comma a sound expression of Trinitarian and biblical theology. What does it say? We saw that it says there are three that bear witness in heaven the Father the Word and the Holy Spirit and these three are one and There are three that bear witness on earth the Spirit the water and the blood.

So there's nothing false about that. Amen that this is a true statement. This is a true statement although bearing in mind that the three divine persons of the Trinity are Not necessarily the only witnesses in heaven okay, and Also, the Holy Spirit is not the only divine person of the Trinity that bears witness on the earth.

So as long as we don't understand it in exclusive terms there are other witnesses besides what these extra words say that the Johan in comma States and In order to prove that let's go to the gospel of Matthew chapter 17.

The gospel of Matthew chapter 17. I think you'll enjoy seeing this beloved as we bring about Harmonize these things together by the analogy of Scripture. So it says there are three that bear witness in heaven and three that bear witness on earth.

But notice here in the gospel of Matthew verse chapter 17, I'll start in verse 1 and Six days later Jesus brought with him Peter and James and John his brother and led them up on a high mountain by themselves and he was transfigured before them and his face shone like the Sun and his garments became white as light and behold who appeared Moses and Elijah appeared to them taking talking with Him with Jesus.

Where did they come from? They came from.

Heaven.

Right.

What were they doing? Talking with Christ and bearing witness to the Son. Verse 4. And Peter answered and said to Jesus Lord It is good for us to be here. If you wish I will make three booths or tabernacles here one for you and one for Moses and one for Elijah.

They appeared they literally appeared with Christ and the transfiguration. From heaven, okay. While Peter was still speaking behold a bright cloud overshadowed them all and behold a voice out of the cloud said This is my beloved Son with whom I am well pleased.

Listen to him who is speaking God the Father. And When the disciples heard this they fell on their faces.

Terrified.

Terrified of what what was going on? The voice from heaven was God the Father bearing witness to the Son to listen to him on.

Earth.

Right.

The Father was bearing witness on earth. Beloved not just in heaven, but on the earth. Just like he did in his baptism. The voice cried out and said this is my beloved Son in whom I am well pleased once again.

And Jesus verse 7. And Jesus came to them and touched them and said get up and do not be afraid and lifting up their eyes. They saw no one except Jesus himself alone. Wow, what an amazing passage. Imagine being there.

Imagine being there. What do we see here both? Moses and Elijah were other additional heavenly witnesses. Bearing witness to the Son on the earth. Okay, uh, so it's not just the spirit and the blood and the Water that bear witness on the earth.

There were multiple witnesses on the earth including Moses and Elijah. Who appeared with Christ? But not only them. Not only them. Beloved. Remember also the entire heavenly host of angels at Christ's birth in the Gospel of Luke.

Remember chapter 2. When suddenly there appeared with the angel who did what. Who announced Christ's birth? On where the earth. To Mary. A multitude of the heavenly host. Praising God and saying glory to God in the highest and peace on earth among men with whom he is pleased.

What were they all doing? Bearing witness to the Son. Just like the spirit and the water his baptism and the blood his death. Amen. The multiplicity of heavenly and earthly witnesses. Beloved witnesses on in heaven and on the earth and.

Not only that. But the divine Son of God also himself. The second person of the triune. Godhead Jesus Christ bears witness of himself on Earth through his works and his miracles and his prophetic and typological.

Fulfillments, what does he tell them? Do not put if you don't believe me believe the works because the works do what they bear witness of the Son. Christ himself bears witness on the earth. Not not not just the spirit and not just.

Yeah, not just a spirit.

That's.

There's multiple the entire Godhead bears witness on the earth. So. And of like I mentioned already like we saw God the Father himself Also bears witness to his own unique only begotten Son on.

Earth.

Several times in Christ baptism when he announced this is my beloved Son in whom he is well, please and in the transfiguration when he says Listen to him. He bore witness to Christ on the earth Objectively and and so much so that it terrified the Apostles.

The witness of God the Father on the earth Terrified the Apostles and they fell on their faces. Amen. Now aside from all of this amazing Events and witnesses that is not the main issue here. This is not the main issue of 1st, John 5 7 through 8 that the jaw the Johan in common the main issue is Is the verse are these verses authentic?

Were they the original words of the God-breathed Apostle? That's what we need to find out. Now in order to figure Determine this help us to make wise Decisions on this I want to quote from The Bible scholar and textual critic Daniel Wallace.

He is a very conservative Bible scholar and critic Textual critic and he is also the founder and executive director of the Center for the study of New Testament manuscripts. It is an excellent website.

You can see all those copies ancient copies. He copies of the scriptures online. And you can see just how difficult it is to read them for you with your own eyes. It is not an easy thing to do. Is it but it is a we have them we have thousands of them catalogued Amazing through the work of these men like Daniel Wallace and the technology advancements, too.

Daniel Wallace says and and that's not to say that I agree with him on everything. He has some views that I don't necessarily agree with but nevertheless He says some very sound and true things with respect to these matters.

It can be safely said He says that there are no there are no Greek New Testament manuscripts which have the Johan in comma dated to the first millennium AD. What does that mean that means that there is not a single Greek manuscript Within the first thousand years old that is within the first 1 ,000 years.

That has this Johan in comma not a single one within actually the first 1 ,300 years so what he said is an understatement. Okay, in fact the earliest Greek manuscript that has the Johan in comma is a Latin Greek manuscript dated to 1362 one the year 1362 that's the latter part of the medieval age.

Okay, this is not an ancient manuscript. This is a medieval a late medieval manuscript at that and most of them. Which they're not many are late like this. This is the earliest one. Okay, take note of that Further only nine.