Sexual Complementarity - Lesson 4 — John Piper

The following message is by Pastor John Piper. More information from Desiring God Ministries is available at www .DesiringGod .org. Before I begin tonight, I want to set straight a mistake I made some weeks ago.

When we were talking the night between seminars on the foreknowledge controversy, I said something to the effect that John Sanders, who wrote The God Who Risks, had been let go, I don't able to continue teaching at Oak Hills Bible College.

That's not true. I have learned subsequently, and I got that information and should have checked it out and didn't, and therefore have been on the phone with him to apologize, and I've called Oak Hills to make sure I can do anything they want me to do to set that straight.

So I told both of them I would tell you that it was a mistake and apologize to you for not getting my sources straight, so let us go to school on my mistake here, especially in these very controversial days when we must guard our lips more carefully than ever.

So when you hear something to that effect, make sure you get it from the horse's mouth, because you might even be misunderstanding your source, which is, I think, the case with me. So I hope that you will learn from my mistake and you will not carry that misunderstanding any further.

So we've I think we're clear, real clear with a brother, Sanders. I think we're clear with Oak Hills on the phone with both of them. And now I hope I'm clear with you and we'll lay that one to rest. If you have any questions about it, I'm sorry that I was not more careful to check my sources and be more reticent.

Biblical Ministry and the Call to Obedient Inquiry

Let's pray before we begin tonight. Father, here we are now in our last session together on this particular topic for this particular seminar on manhood and womanhood and biblical perspective here and sexual complementarity.

And I know it's been fast and tonight will be fast. And there are vastly more things to see than we've seen. But, Lord, I'm asking that you would take the seeds sown and make them grow into plants of obedience and grant that you would set us on at least a trajectory of proper inquiry here as a group.

So come and help me to be efficient and not get bogged down in any rabbit trails. And I ask, Lord Jesus, that there would be a docile spirit in our hearts to comply with your word. And I pray that I would be faithful to it.

In Jesus name, amen. Tonight's session is on men and women in ministry. And in particular, we'll try to focus on the question of whether or not some roles in leadership in the church are intended by the Bible to be fulfilled by spiritual Christ-like men rather than spiritual Christ-like women.

But let me precede that focus on 1 Timothy 2 with just some general thoughts on when men and women in the ministry, according to the Bible. These are just general statements that I want to make sure I don't leave unsaid as we get into the nitty-gritty of exegesis.

Every Christian as a Minister

Number one, all Christians, men and women, are ministers. No one is off duty. All of life should have a radical orientation around the work of the kingdom. Ephesians 4 .12, equip the saints to do the work of the ministry, and that's men and women.

Every woman and every man should think of himself or herself as a minister. Secondly, ministry is the stewarding of grace through gifts for the demonstration of love and the upbuilding of the faith and the in-gathering of God's elect.

I base that on 1 Peter 4 .10 and 11. 1 Peter 4 .10 is a crucial text for me in this regard. As each has received a gift, use it as stewards of the manifold grace of God. Also, 1 Corinthians 12. So gifts are unique, tailor-made enablements given by the spirit by which you steward grace.

So grace comes down, and as it bends out horizontally through you, if there's an anointing from God on that, a unique expression of grace is ministered through you, and that's called ministry. And it's the use of spiritual gifts.

Third, all spiritual gifts, though I will argue not all offices or roles, are given to women and are to be used for the good of the church, the reaching of the lost, the glory of God. For the office of elder or overseer or pastor, which are interchangeable, we spent a whole weekend two weekends ago on this issue.

If you want to get those tapes, they'll be ready sometime in the not too distant future. And there you can hear five hours worth of what it means to be an elder or pastor overseer. The office of pastor or elder or overseer is the responsibility, I'm going to argue, of spiritual men who aim to equip the saints for ministry through the teaching and oversight.

First Timothy 2 .12 says this teaching and authority is the unique responsibility of men, not women. Number five, the difference between an elder and a deacon is the role of teaching and governing. We'll see more of this in a moment, so that the easiest way to apply First Timothy 2 .12 is to say that the elders of the local church should be men.

That's the text we'll spend almost all of our time on tonight. And number six. But the real action, the real ministry in a healthy church is what is happening by the spirit, by the power of the spirit through the gifts of the spirit in the small groups and the informal times of ministry to one another with words of knowledge, wisdom, gifts, faith, healing, miracles, prophecy, discernment, mercy, teaching, exhortation, prayer.

And all manners of service. In other words, I hope that you will break out of the mold if you're in it, which we were for some years in this church, I believe that ministry means belonging to some committee or board so that for some reason you didn't get elected, you were being hindered in ministry.

And the mindset should be exactly the opposite of the opposite. A few poor souls have to serve on committees in order to liberate the saints, men and women to do what counts in the church. Committee work is not what counts.

If it's done right, it enables what counts and what counts is what happens out there in the commons afterwards. Or what happens on a phone call tonight to an erring brother or sister or what happens in a in a hospital room or what happens in a confrontation in over a lunch for Christ's sake at work or what happens as you write a letter to your erring lost brother.

I mean, there's a zillion things are what counts. And if the elders bury themselves away for two, three, four hours every three weeks and do their job right, that'll happen in the church. If they do their job wrong, that won't happen in the church.

To not belong to that little group of 18 guys is not to be evicted from ministry. If they're doing their job right, don't have big heads trying to convince everybody that's the ministry, which it isn't.

Complementarity, Equality, and the Meaning of Leadership

OK, now, why I stand by this distinction, just a couple of summary comments here before we look at the text. Why I stand by this distinction in role between men and women in ministry. Number one, because the sense seems plain to me and not terribly complicated in first Timothy to 12 to 13, where we'll spend our time in just a minute.

Number two, because this fits with the overall picture of complementarity in Genesis and Jesus ministry and Paul's and Peter's teaching on marriage. And I have never, number three, I have never seen any other texts that contradict this meaning.

What the other texts do here, a few texts, for example, Galatians 328, there is neither male or female or acts to where the women are prophesying. What texts like that do is not contradict. If you're not bent on finding a contradiction, they don't contradict.

They refine our application and protect us from abuses. So the context of Galatians 328 is all about salvation there. There's neither male or female. If you took that as. Sexually, as some do, it would support homosexuality.

There's neither male or female, so when you're looking for a live in partner, you can choose either sex because there's no male or female. But we know that's not Paul's intention in view of other things that he says, and we know it's not his intention in the flow of the context there, which is about being clothed with Christ, being children of God.

And that's where our equality shines. In the presence of God and in the next two that women are prophesying, no problem, but if you have women prophesying and then you have women forbidden to do certain kinds of authoritative teaching, you just instead of saying, oh, see, contradiction, you can't have both texts.

You say, OK, then we got to understand what authoritative teaching are and what prophesying are in a way that coheres here, and that helps you define both of them in a proper way. You don't have to find contradictions if you don't you don't want to.

So I think these texts liberate in many ways, but they don't have to contradict and they refine and protect us from narrowness and abuses. Number four, the aim of the New Testament is to redeem sin, distorted relationships between men and women, but it redeems them by removing the distortions of headship and the distortions of submission, not by leveling all distinctions in role.

So, for example, if you say in the church, just like we've argued in marriage, there should be a group of men who should lead and all men and women then follow that leadership. The Bible has lots to say about purifying and refining and defining the nature of that leadership in terms of.

Service, let the leader be as one who serves Luke twenty to twenty six, but as I said two weeks ago, three weeks ago, when Jesus got on the floor, took off his outer garment, bound a towel around and washed the disciples feet as a slave, nobody doubted for a moment who the leader was in that room at that moment.

So to define leadership as servanthood is not to abolish leadership by servanthood. That clear. And I think the Bible is bent on helping us rescue submission from mindless subservience and rescue leadership from domination.

And abuse and control. Number five, since I see this distinction in the Bible, I believe it is good for women and men and for our society as a whole and for the glory of God. So those are five reasons why I believe what I believe, why I stand here, why I teach these things.

1 Timothy 2 and the Biblical Basis for Church Leadership

Now we go to the text, at least one text tonight, and this is the main one. And so we're going to spend most of our time on it. First Timothy chapter two. And the reason I included verses one and two, along with eight to 15, is because there's a link up in this word quiet that I'm going to need to pull down in order to help shed light on the meaning of the key verses, which are twelve and thirteen.

So let's read this unit together here. First of all, then, I urge that entreaties and prayers, petitions and thanksgivings be made on behalf of all men for kings and all who are in authority so that we may lead a tranquil and quiet life in all godliness and dignity.

Now dropping to verse eight. Therefore, I want the men in every place to pray, lifting up holy hands without wrath and dissension. Likewise, I want women to adorn themselves with proper clothing and modestly and modestly and discreetly, not with braided hair and gold or pearls or costly garments, but rather by means of good works as is proper for women making a claim to godliness.

A woman must quietly receive instruction with entire submissiveness, but I do not allow a woman to teach or exercise authority over men, but to remain quiet. For it was Adam who was created first, first created, then Eve, and it was not Adam who was deceived, but the woman being deceived fell into transgression, but women will be saved through childbearing if they continue in faith and love and holiness with discretion.

Now you couldn't ask for a more politically incorrect passage in the universe. This is an unbelievably out-of-step text in our day. I mean, any pastor who preaches on this deserves a medal and a shield, so I am not naive that the way this sounds in our culture is questionable, to put it mildly.

So let's try to tackle at least three things. What does quiet mean? What does submission mean? And what kind of teaching and authority are forbidden? Those would be my three questions tonight that I'd like to try to work through exegetically with you.

And then if we have time, we'll tackle verse 15. I don't think verse 15 is as hard as some make it out to be, but we'll see if we have time for that. I think it's more important that we try to understand the limits that are placed here and the freedoms that are manifest there.

The Meaning of Quietness and Submissive Learning

So first of all, let's take the term silence. A woman is to learn, is to learn, quietly receive instruction or quietly learn. So the context here is one of receiving instruction. It's the gathered community to be taught by someone.

And he asks that the women be quiet. He refers to it here in verse 12, remain quiet. And he refers to it here. Now, first observation I'm going to make is this wider contextual one with this word back up here, this quiet word in verse two.

You see, he's a key on. And then here I should put it here. It's the same word here. He's a key, a different ending. It's the same word right here. Quietly, quietly. So my first clue as to how narrow to interpret the word quiet.

You women were singing a minute ago. Is that excluded? And can a woman ask questions here? And so on. Those kinds of questions might arise in your mind. You say, well, what do you mean quiet? Well, here leading a life that is tranquil and quiet probably doesn't mean that you're leading a life where you don't say anything.

What has to do with that quietness in the sense of unruffled, tranquil, peaceful. So it sounds like this word in the context here has a ring, not of silence, no talking, but of that wider sense of quietness in the community.

We want not a loud, boisterous, troubled life. We want a tranquil, quiet life in all godliness and dignity. So my first clue that that's probably the drift here is that context. The second thing to notice here is that this but puts the silence in verse 12, the quietness over against the exercise of authority.

Allow women to teach or exercise authority over men, but to remain quiet. Now that here's the way I would paraphrase that. So what sort of quietness does Paul have in mind? It's the kind of quietness that respects and honors the leadership of the men God has called to oversee the church, because that's what's being contrasted here.

He's got men teaching and exercising this authority, and he wants the women to be, instead of doing that, remain quiet. So it's a kind of quietness that respects that kind of leadership by the men. Verse 11 says that the quietness is in all submissiveness.

Verse 12 says the quietness is the opposite of authority over men. I didn't draw your attention to that. Quietly receive instruction with all or entire submissiveness. So it's the kind of quietness that renders submission to this teaching.

So the opposite would be saying things or making noises that belittles that teaching or that authority that calls it into question that says, I don't want to be led and I don't want to have men serving in that capacity.

That would be the kind of thing coming out of a mouth that would be the opposite of hesuchia or quietness. So the point seems not whether a woman says nothing, because I'm going to show you in just a minute when we talk about the parameters of teaching that there's lots of women talk in the New Testament.

So it's not total silence, it seems to me, but a submissive spirit and whether she supports the authority of the men God has called to oversee the church. So quietness means not speaking out in a way that compromises that authority.

That'd be my definition, not speaking out in a way that compromises this exercise of authority or this exercise of teaching here. So that's my effort to try to balance the natural inclination to take this word to mean too much with what we know, according to other teachings in the New Testament, as well as the context here, I think, is it's more acceptable New Testament meaning.

Teaching, Authority, and the Role of Women

Second question or second observation or focus teaching, what what is being forbidden here when he says, I do not allow a woman to teach or exercise authority over men. Well, let's ask this question first.

Are there any in this letter and in the other pastoral letters, as well as the wider New Testament? Are is there any teaching being done by women that we can bring alongside this and say, well, probably then he doesn't mean all teaching is ruled out.

And I've got three observations on that. For example, Titus two, three. Paul says that the older women are to teach the teach the younger women. And at the end of the verse, they are to teach what is good and so train the younger women to love their husbands and children, etc.

So there you have a concrete particular instance in Titus, which is very closely related to First Timothy saying, well, there is at least at least one place where we have women teaching. They teach the younger women pass on the truth to them about life and about family and about whatever else should be passed on from woman to woman.

Second observation, Second Timothy three, 14 tells us that Timothy is to remember from whom he learned the scriptures. He's using this as an argument for why he should hold fast to the scriptures. And he says, now, remember the kind of person from whom you learned them.

And who does he have in mind? Well, we know from chapter one, verse five, he has in mind Eunice and Lois, his mother and his grandmother. His father was a pagan. He wasn't even a Jew. And so that father didn't have any knowledge of the scriptures, and he didn't want to have any.

Evidently, I don't know what happened to him later, but at least from Acts 14, I mean, text 16, three, when Timothy was called into Paul's apostolic band, it says his father was a Greek, and that's why he circumcised Timothy in order to avoid any kind of misunderstanding there.

And so he got his teaching from his mother and his grandmother. And Paul even is willing to say, remember from whom you learned the scriptures when you were a boy. So the second kind of teaching that we have that women are doing in pastoral pistols is the teaching of their children.

Here's the third instance. In Acts 1826, you have Priscilla and Aquila going to the place of Apollos when they heard Apollos is preaching and Apollos didn't have a few things right. They noticed. So the verse says in Acts 1826, when Priscilla and Aquila heard Apollos, they took him and expounded to him the way of God more accurately.

They took him and expounded to him the way of God more accurately. So the picture we have is a couple goes to a man's house. Knock, knock. We heard your sermon this morning. Can we talk? And they sit down and she's there and he's there and they start talking.

And there's no no statement. She didn't say a word. He did all the talking or that she did all the talking and he didn't say a word. It's just that together, a husband and a wife went and confronted a man and helped him get some doctrine right here.

So a third thing besides women teaching women and women teaching children, you have a couple in some kind of teamwork ministering to a man to get his thinking right. In that kind of small group setting, at least.

Now, what that does for me is cause me to come to this text and read. I do not allow a woman to teach. OK, to give Paul the benefit of the doubt here now that he's not talking out of both sides of his mouth.

I say, OK, you must have in your mind then a particular kind of teaching here. Rather than just a sweeping statement, because there are other instances where you yourself have not only commanded older women to teach younger women and commended Eunice and Lois for doing a good job teaching their child and you know about Priscilla and Aquila.

So what's what's the focus here, Paul? What are you getting at? How are we supposed to take this word? Are there any parameters to it at all that you can help us with? And I think the best way to handle a question like that is not to say, as some egalitarians would, well, see, it must have been some kind of special situation here in Ephesus.

And there's no real application that you can make to this day, because clearly women taught in the New Testament, so they should teach in all circumstances today. Now, that seems to me to be a precipitous leap out of the context.

What I would suggest is that we stay right here and just ask whether this wouldn't be a more careful and faithful reading. I don't allow a woman to teach or exercise authority over man. Would it not be fair then to suggest that perhaps what Paul means is the kind of teaching I don't permit is the kind that exercises authority over men so that these two things, teach and exercise authority, are so closely unified that they inform each other.

In fact, I'll just give you my progress of thought as I've been working through this over the years, I got to this point and I began to think, OK, if they're closely connected and Paul means for them to inform each other and maybe say one thing here instead of just two things, is there any evidence for that or clue for that somewhere?

And here's what I found. I found that these two things, teaching and authority, are the very two things in chapter three of First Timothy that distinguish a deacon from an elder. And that's interesting that in the list of qualifications, an elder must be apt to teach, whereas a deacon does not have to be apt to teach.

And elders govern well. I'm getting this now from First Timothy 517. But the elders who govern well be considered worthy of double honor, especially those who labor in preaching and teaching. So you have this double function of elders, namely, they govern or have authority and they teach or preach.

And then I come back here and I notice those are the very two things that he proscribes from women. And I ask him, is that an accident? And my conclusion is, no, it's probably not an accident. And therefore, in all likelihood, what this unit teach and have authority mean is these are the these.

This is a description of an elder as opposed to a deacon. And so in a nutshell, I would say this text means I don't allow a woman to serve as an elder in a nutshell. That's what I think it means. And by I mean, if your church, for example, doesn't have elders, they don't have elders, so there's no problem there.

One can do anything in our church. Well, that's just a matter of words. You have to ask, what's the faithful counterpart in your setting to an elder? If you don't have any, you've got a defective structure.

You don't have to call them elders. You don't want to, but there needs to be something like that in your church so that it's a biblically structured church. And so it seems to me that if you stay with the context here and you recognize that there is a kind of teaching that's endorsed and commanded to women elsewhere, and you let this proximity of authority here inform what the teaching is, and then you you go to chapter three and you go to chapter five and you notice that the elders are distinguished from the deacons by those two things.

The elders teach the elders rule. Deacons don't teach because don't have rule. So we at Bethlehem, as we pass through a study of this and wrote our constitution about 10 years ago, we did something narrowing and broadening.

We created elders. We didn't have elders before, so we now have a council of elders and we wrote in. These will be spiritual men and deacons who were all men here when I came and had to be men were said to be women and men.

So that's the way our constitution is written now. Elders are men. Deacons can be women or men here. We don't have the deaconess. We you can put that word on the end. There's no Greek. There's no Greek corresponding to deaconess or deacon.

It's just one word. And so that's the way we have landed. And, you know, you got to wear a church. You come from if you're not a Bethlehem person. You got to work that through in terms of the structures that you you have.

Applying Church Leadership Principles in Gray Areas

So now there's my answer to the second issue. What are the parameters of teaching there? I know there are a lot of gray areas here. Lots of gray areas like I could list them off for you. Intervarsity chapters, adult Sunday school classes.

When does a guy become a man? Can you teach high schools? Can you teach university? This is a zillion gray areas. And frankly, I just don't want to fight over those as a local body. You just got to decide where you draw certain lines and you live with that.

You may adjust over the years and you'll always live with ambiguity. And that's just life. So I just want to have a few things clear. If we can have a few things clear, you're already in so much trouble already that the ambiguities can just be laid aside.

If I can just win just a few key battles of interpretation and say, at least in every church, there should be a core, a camaraderie of spiritual Christlike, humble servant men who are willing to lay down their lives to lead this church at whatever cost.

And you can hear I'm choosing language that makes it sound real good, because I believe that's exactly the way God wants it to sound. And you have a church full of women who say, I love the leadership of this church.

I am so glad the men of this church are of that quality. I'm glad. And that's the kind of church I want to have. I want to be that kind of man. I want to assemble around me those kind of elders so that the women in this church flourish under that.

And they say, amen, amen. We want that kind of men to lead this church. And of course, if we're squelching them and ruining their ministries and preventing them from finding their gifts, then they're not going to be excited about that at all.

And we're not doing our job. But I think in a good church, godly, mature, biblical women really thrive when led by humble, godly, teachable, open, strong, visionary, Christlike men. So that's what our aim is, whether we attain it or not.

I'm not sure we work at it. Third observation. What about submission and authority? Basically, what I do with these two words, authority and submission, is exactly the same thing I do with headship and submission in the home.

And I think there's a correlation there that moving back and forth between home and church should be a real natural feel for people. I know that there are teachers, for example, Roger Nicole. I love Roger Nicole's theology.

He's Calvinist through and through. And on this issue, we part company halfway into it. And I had him come speak here at one of our pastors' conference. Roger Nicole argues exactly what I argue in Ephesians 5.

In the family, man is head, woman affirms that headship, flourishes in it. And then when he gets to this text, he goes haywire. My interpretation, haywire. Because he just argues this is local, this is cultural, and this doesn't have any abiding value.

And so women can be pastors, women can be elders. So I asked him, I asked him at a table sitting in that room about 10 years ago, I said, so your wife must submit to you at home and follow you as her leader, but she could be the pastor of your church.

And he said, yes, no problem. I think that's a problem. But you need to know there are people that don't think that's a problem. And so now, you know, I don't think Roger has written a book on this. He may have written articles on it.

You can find him. He's an oddball because most I say an oddball in the good sense in that he believes half of the complementarity thing, whereas most egalitarians sweep it all away. That is, this text goes and Ephesians 5 goes.

And all you have left is is a mutuality, no hierarchy at all in terms of headship and submission. So here, all I want to say is that this authority here is the authority of a Christlike servant leader.

This is servant leadership, not authoritarianism or coercive or suppressive or manipulative or unhearing or unlistening or unteachable, uncorrectable, above rebuke. None of those things should be in this.

Because elders are sinners in the Bible. This book right here in chapter five makes a provision for rebuking an elder. And then submissiveness would be the same thing, the enthusiastic support of that leadership, not the mindless support of it, because probably, in my view anyway, in the congregational life of the church, it is the whole body of believers who wind up doing the discipline if there has to be some done on a wayward, out of control elder.

Defining Authority, Submission, and Active Ministry

So here's my definition of authority. Authority refers to the divine calling of spiritual gifted men to take primary responsibility. Notice the word primary again, as with husbands, not soul, primary responsibility as elders for Christlike servant leadership and teaching in the church.

That's my definition of authority. Here's my definition of submission in the church. Submission refers to the divine calling of the rest of the church, both men and women, to honor and affirm the leadership and teaching of the elders and to be equipped by it for the hundreds and hundreds of various ministries available to men and women in the service of Christ.

And that last point is real important to me. For men and women who have a heart to minister, save souls, heal broken lives, resist the devil, meet needs, there are fields of opportunity that are simply endless.

And God intends for the whole church to be on active duty. Nobody, male or female slouching around doing nothing, nobody at home wasting their lives watching soaps and reruns while the world burns. You know, one of the saddest things, and I say this, I hope I can say it carefully so you don't misunderstand me.

One of the saddest things which is now being reversed over the last 20 years as women have been told over and over again by feminists that the only respectable life is in the marketplace. One of the saddest things about that and a diminishing of the value of homemaking and mothering is that a massive resource of creative, energetic, voluntarism vanished.

Women ran things once upon a time. That is, they undertook all kinds of creative service ministries in community and lifted the whole life of a community because they had, if they were really effective in their parenting, even if they had five or ten kids, they had time.

If they were good time managers, they had time and they could have the older daughters take care of the little kids and they could take two, three hours in the middle of the day and make something happen in the community.

Get somebody elected or get homes mothers helped or get drugs out of this neighborhood or and then they got sold this bill of goods that the only respectable way to spend a life is making money at a desk somewhere or in front of a computer or whatever.

And they were exhausted when they came home and they had the kids. Now the daycare and they feel guilty because they want to spend time with the kids and they can hardly handle what they're doing and their husbands are dog tired and air at each other.

And this is not your great life. This is not wonderful suburbia. You just can't afford a home that then you got to keep working to pay the. The mortgage on and so you're you're you're enslaved. Well, I'm just so thankful that a lot of women have gotten the bonus to stand up and say the superwoman was a bill of goods and there is a noble calling in homemaking and community life and church life that is so rich and so full and some women are writing about it and more women like the women in this room right now need to get on a soap box and preach it.

Preach it. P-R-E-A-C-H. Preach it so that more younger women coming along dream their own dreams and don't feel like they're coerced in their college years to say, oh, what are you planning on? I'd kind of like to get married and make a home for a guy that I admire.

Now, we've got a system in this culture that is just broken. It doesn't work because a woman can't count on that happening. There's no parents who can make that happen. In some cultures, you can make that happen.

So every woman must plan her life that way. And I know the dreams of many. They wish that the long term were. I would like to find a man whose life I can pour my life into and raise a family and make a home and breed radical disciples for Jesus and be freed in the community to use my gifts at church and home and community to make all kinds of good things happen and win people to Christ and heal the broken.

I mean, that is a noble calling, and I wish there were ways we could make the system work better. If you have ideas, let me know. So I could go one or two ways right here in our last two, three, four, five minutes together.

Creation, the Fall, and the Argument from 1 Timothy 2:13–14

Um, I could tell you what I think verse 15 means or the argument in verses 13 and 14, or I could open it for questions. You know, I really haven't even done 13 and 14, let alone 15. Have I? I think I better sum this up because to leave you without that argument right there is irresponsible.

What does this mean? For it was Adam who was first created and then he and it was not Adam who deceived. So he's got two arguments. The reason I do not think this text is culturally limited is because his arguments are rooted in creation and the fall, not in any cultural situation.