Joshua's Obedience — C.H. Spurgeon

Metropolitan Tabernacle pulpit, Joshua's Obedience, a sermon delivered by C. H. Spurgeon at the Metropolitan Tabernacle, Newington. Joshua 1, verse 7. Only be thou strong and very courageous that thou mayest observe to do according to all the law which Moses, my servant, commanded thee.

Joshua’s Promises Require Diligent Obedience

Turn not from it to the right hand or to the left, that thou mayest prosper whithersoever thou goest. Joshua was very highly favored in the matter of promises. The promises given him by God were broadly comprehensive and exceedingly encouraging.

But Joshua was not therefore to say within himself, These covenant engagements will surely be fulfilled, and I may therefore sit still and do nothing. On the contrary, because God had decreed that the land should be conquered, Joshua was to be diligent to lead the people onward to battle.

He was not to use the promise as a couch upon which his indolence might luxuriate, but as a girdle wherewith to gird up his loins for future activity. As a spur to energy, Joshua let us always regard the gracious promises of our God.

We should sin against Him most ungratefully and detestably were we to say within ourselves, God will not desert His people, therefore let us venture into sin. And we are almost equally wicked if we whisper in our own minds, God will assuredly fulfill His own decrees and give the souls of His redeemed as a reward to His Son Jesus.

Therefore let us do nothing and refrain altogether from zealous Christian service. This is not proper language for true children. This is the talk of the indolently ignorant or of mere pretenders who do but mock God while they pretend to reverence His decrees.

By the oath, by the promise, by the covenant and by the blood which sealeth it, we are exhorted continually to be at work for Christ since we are saved in order that we may serve Him in the power of the Holy Ghost with heart and soul and strength.

The Gospel Rule of Life and the Believer’s Obedience

Joshua was especially exhorted to continue in the path of obedience. He was the captain, but there was a great commander in chief who gave him his marching orders. Joshua was not left to his own fallible judgment or fickle fancy, but he was to do according to all that was written in the book of the law.

So is it with us who are believers. We are not under the law but under grace, yet still there is a gospel rule which we are bound to follow and the law in the hand of Christ is a delightful rule of life to the believer.

We are not to follow in the service of God our own fancies. We are not allowed to frame regulations according to our own conceptions, but our direction is whatsoever He sayeth unto you, do it. His servants shall serve Him.

His sheep will follow His footsteps. His disciples obey their Lord. His soldiers fulfill His pleasure. By their fruits He shall know them. If we are not obedient unto Christ, we may rest assured that we have not the Spirit of Christ and are none of His.

Obedience as the Highest Practical Courage

Speaking upon the obedience which was enjoined upon Joshua, I would remind you that obedience is the highest practical courage. Read the text. Only be thou strong and very courageous that thou mayest observe to do according to all the law of which Moses my servant commanded thee.

You supposed when you heard the words only be thou strong and very courageous that some great exploit was to be performed and the supposition was correct, for all exploits are comprehended in that one declaration.

That thou mayest observe to do according to all the law which Moses my servant commanded thee. The highest exploit of the Christian life is to obey Christ. This is such an exploit my brethren as shall never be performed by any man except he has learned the rule of faith has been led to rest upon Christ and to advance upon the path of obedience in a strength which is not his own but which is received from the work of the indwelling Holy Ghost.

The world counts obedience to be a mean spirited thing and speaks of rebellion as freedom. We have heard men say, I will be my own master. I shall follow my own will. To be a free thinker and a free liver seems to be the worldlings glory and yet if the world could but have sense enough to convict itself of folly upon indisputable proof being afforded it, it were not difficult to prove that a reviler of the obedient is a fool.

Take the world's own martial rule. Who is accounted to be the boldest and the best soldier but the man who is most thoroughly obedient to the captain's command? There is a story told of the old French wars which has been repeated hundreds of times.

A sentinel is set to keep a certain position and at nightfall as he is passing to and fro the emperor himself comes by. He does not know the password. Straightway the soldier stops him. You cannot pass the pass says he.

But I must pass says the emperor. No replies the man. If you were the little corporal in grey himself you should not go by. By which of course he meant the emperor and thus the autocrat himself was held in check by order.

The vigilant soldier was afterwards handsomely rewarded and all the world said that he was a brave fellow. Now from that instance and there are hundreds of such which are always told with approbation we learned that obedience to superior commands carried out at all hazards is one of the highest proofs of courage that a man can possibly give.

To this the world itself gives its assent. Then surely it is not a mean and sneaking thing for a man to be obedient to him who is the commander in chief of the universe. The king of kings and lord of lords.

He would do the right and the true thing in cold blood in the teeth of ridicule is a bolder man than he who flings himself before the cannon's mouth for fame. And let me add to persist in scrupulous obedience throughout life may need more courage than even the martyr even since when once for all he gives himself to burn at the stake.

Joshua’s Perseverance Through Conflict and Opposition

In Joshua's case full obedience to the divine command involved innumerable difficulties. The command to him was that he should conquer the whole of the land for the favored tribes and to the best of his ability he did it.

But he had to besiege cities which were walled up to heaven and to fight with monarchs whose warriors came to battle in chariots of iron armed with scythes. The first conflicts were something terrible.

If he had not been a bold and able soldier he would have put up his sword and desisted from the strife. But the spirit of obedience sustained him. Though you and I have no here bites and Jebusites to kill no cities to pull down no chariots of iron to encounter yet we shall find it no easy thing to keep to the path of Christian consistency.

Count well the cost you who have just enlisted under my Lord's banner you shall not find it to be child's play to follow the lamb whithersoever he goeth. To put on the pilgrim's dress of white linen and then carelessly to bespatter it with unholiness and then on to profess repentance only to fall again and then mire it in the dirt and then time after time to wash it or say you have washed it.

This is easy enough. Fits and starts of godliness many have who end their lives. But if you have not yet been baptized in the blood of Christ you will not be baptized in despair. The Christianity of some people cost them little cross bearing much less any resisting unto blood striving against sin.

A merely nominal profession is easy enough to make and to maintain after the manner of the times but to be a Christian indeed through and through to eat and drink and sleep eternal life to live the life of God on earth.

This is the work and this is the difficulty. You will need to have the strength of Samson and something more to pluck up the gates which block up your onward road. A strength divine must be yours if you are to keep the crown of the causeway against all comers.

Moreover Joshua had not only difficulties to meet with but he made a great many enemies through his obedience. This was naturally so. As soon as it was known that Jericho had been taken that A .I. had been carried by assault then we read of first one confederation of kings and then of another their object being to destroy the power of Joshua since these kings well knew that he would crush them if they did not crush him.

Now the Christian man is in a like plight. He will be sure to make enemies. It will be one of his objects to make none but on the other hand if to do the right and to believe the true and to carry out the honest should make him lose every earthly friend.

He will count it but a small loss since his great friend in heaven will be yet more friendly and reveal himself to him more graciously than ever. Oh ye who have taken up his cross know ye not what your master said.

I am come to set a man at variance against his father and the daughter against her mother and the daughter in law against her mother in law and a man's foes shall be they of his own household. Christ is the great peacemaker but before peace he brings war.

Where the light cometh the darkness must retire. Where truth is the lie must flee or if it abide it there must be a stern conflict for the truth cannot and will not lower its standard and the lie must be trodden underfoot.

If you follow Christ you shall have all the dogs of the world yelping at your heels. If you mince matters and hold with the hare and run with the hounds you may be a Christian in a world being too after a sort and if you would live so as to stand the test of the last tribunal depend upon it the world will not speak well of you.

He who has the friendship of the world will find that he has an enemy to God but if you are true and faithful to the most high men will resent your unflinching fidelity since it is a testimony against their iniquities.

Fairness of all consequences you must do the right. You will need the courage of a lion unhesitatingly to pursue a course which will turn your best friend into your fiercest foe but for the love of Jesus you must do it.

For the truth sake to hazard reputation and affection is such a deed that to do it constantly you will need a degree of moral principle which only the spirit of God can work in you. Yet turn not your back like a coward but play the man.

Courage for Lifelong Christian Warfare

Yet again Joshua in his obedience needed much courage because he had undertaken a task which involved if he carried it out long years of perseverance. After he had captured one city he must go on to attack the next fortress.

The days were not long enough for his battles. He bids the sun stand still and the moon is stayed and even when that long day has passed yet the morning sees him sword in hand still. Joshua was like one of those old knights who slept in their armor.

He was always fighting. His sword must have been well hacked and often must his armor have been blood red. He had before him a life long enterprise such as the life of the Christian. A warfare from end to end.

As soon as you are washed in Christ's blood and clothed in his righteousness you must begin to hew your way through a lane of enemies right up to the eternal throne. Every foot of the way will be disputed.

Not an inch will Satan yield to you. You must continue daily to fight. He that endureth to the end the same shall be saved. Not the beginner who commences in his own strength and soon comes to an end but he who girt about with divine grace with the spirit of God within him determines to hold on till he has smitten the last foe and never leaves the battlefield till he has heard the word well done good and faithful servant.

But the man who says that the Christian's life is mean and devoid of manliness let him go and learn wisdom before he speaketh. For of all men the persevering believer is the most. Manly thou who boastest of thyself of thy courage in sinning thou yieldest to the foe.

Thou art a cringing care. Thou turnest tail upon the enemy. Thou courtest the friendship of the world. Thou hast not courage enough to dare to do the right and the true. Thou hast passed under the yoke of Satan and thine own passions and to conceal thine own cowardice.

Thou art base enough to call the brave Christian man a coward. Out on thee for adding lying to thine other vices. Oftentimes if we follow Christ we shall need to be brave indeed in facing the world's customs.

You will find it so young man in a mercantile house. You will find it so husband even in connection with your own wife and children if they are unsaved. Children have found this so in the school. Traders find it so in the marketplace.

He that would be a true Christian had need wear a stout heart. There is a story told of Dr. Adam Clark which shows the courage which the youthful Christian sometimes needs. When he was in a shop in the town of Coleraine they were preparing for the annual fair and some rolls of cloth were being measured.

One of them was too short. The master said come Adam you take that end and I'll take the other and we'll soon pull it and stretch it till it is long enough. But Adam had no hands to do it with and no ears to hear his master's dishonest order.

At last he flatly refused whereupon the master said you will never make a tradesman. You are good for nothing here. You'd better go home and take to something else. Now that thing may not be done now for men do not generally cheat in that open downright kind of way nowadays but they cheat after a more roguish fashion.

The records of the bankruptcy court will tell you what I mean. Bankruptcies one after another of the same person are double distilled thieving generally not old fashioned thieving that which once brought men to transportation into the gallows but something worse than highway robbery and burglary.

The genuine Christian will every now and then have to put his foot down and say no I cannot and I will not be mixed up with such a thing as that. I'll have to say this to his master to his father to his friend whose respect he desires to gain and who may be of the greatest possible assistance to him in life.

But if it be your duty my dear brother and sister thus to do the right. Do it if the skies fall. Do it if poverty should stare you in the face. Do it if you should be turned into the streets tomorrow.

You shall never be a loser by God in the long run and if you have to suffer for righteousness sake blessed are you. Count yourselves to be happy that you have the privilege of making any sacrifice for the sake of conscience.

For in these days we have not the power to honor God as they did who went to prison and to the rack and to the stake. Let us not therefore cast aside other opportunities which are given to us of showing how much we love the Lord and how faithfully we desire to serve him.

Be very courageous to do what the Lord Jesus bid you in all things and let men judge you to be an idiot if you will. You shall be one of the Lord's champions a true knight of the cross. Secondly I learned from the text that the exactness of obedience is the essence of obedience.

Exactness of Obedience in Small Things

That thou mayest observe to do according to all the law which Moses my servant commanded thee. Turn not from it to the right hand or to the left. The world saith we must not be too precise. Hypocritical world.

The world means that it would be glad to get rid of God's law altogether. But as it scarcely dares to say that point, Blake, it can't with the most sickening of all can't. We must not be too particular or too nice.

As one said to an old Puritan once, many people have rent their conscience in halves. Could not you just make a little nick in yours? No, he said. I cannot for my conscience belongs to God. We must live, you know, said a money loving shopkeeper as his excuse for doing what he could not otherwise defend.

Yes, but we must die was the reply and therefore we must do no such thing. There is no particular necessity for any of us living. We are probably better dead if we cannot live without doing wrong. The very essence of obedience, I've said, lies in exactness.

Probably your child is sometimes disobedient, would still, as a general rule, do what you told him. It would be in the little things that thoroughgoing and commendable obedience would appear. Let the world judge of this for itself.

Here is an honest man. Do people say of him? He is so honest that he would not steal a horse. No, that would not prove him to be very honest, but they say he would not even take a pin that did not belong to him.

That is the world's own description of honesty and surely when it comes to obedience to God, it ought to be the same. Here is a merchant and he boasts. I have a clerk who is such a good man that you would not find a mistake of a single penny in six months' reckoning.

It would not have meant much if he had said, you would not find a mistake of ten thousand pounds in six months' reckoning. And yet if a man stands to little things and is minute in particular, worldlings charge him with being too stringent, too strict, too straight-laced and I know not what besides, while all the time according to their own showing, the essence of honesty and of correctness is exactness in little things.

If I profess to obey the Lord Jesus Christ, the crucial test will not be in great actions, but in little ones. My dear brethren, I wish the Christian church really thought this. There is so much in many churches of trifling with words.

I mean by people professing to believe what is not believed, putting another meaning upon words than what is the plain natural sense, which is nothing better I can see than lying in the sight of God. I know two members of churches who say, I do not approve of a great deal that is in our creed, and yet they remain members of such a church.

I do not understand it. I cannot comprehend how a man can bear to partake in the doings of any church, whatever that church may be, when he knows those doings to be wrong, making it a part of his religion to do wrong, winking at and shutting his eye to what his own conscience tells him is not according to the will of God.

If I thought that in any of our proceedings in this place we did not do according to God's mind, I would humbly desire to alter it once. And I do pray that we as a church, whenever we err or in anything may not have acted according to scriptures, may be willing to bring ourselves to holy scripture and to be always schooling our minds to the will of the Lord Jesus Christ, so that we may do that will in all things.

The church may be wrong in a great many points, and yet be accepted before God, because the conscience of the church may not be enlightened. But what I plead for is that so far as our conscience is enlightened, we are bound to act up to it, and that we have no right to do anything about which we cannot be sure that we are right, and no right to be uniting ourselves to any body of professors who are not carrying out the Lord's commands and laws in all things so far as we can judge.

Not in some things, but in all things. We are to be observant of the divine will. Is there any ordinance of Christ which some of you have never attended to? Have you attended to baptism and the Lord's Supper?

I charge you before the living God, see to it as you value your own peace of mind. He that knoweth his Master's will and doeth it not shall be beaten with many stripes. I am not now speaking of the discipline of the law.

The Christian is not under that. I am speaking, however, of the discipline of Christ's own house over which Christ is the Master, and this is the law of Christ's house. If we will not be obedient, we shall not abide in the comfortable enjoyment of his love.

But we shall be chastened and scourged and smitten until we become willing to yield ourselves up to the Lord's mind. Through thick and thin, through fair and foul, through poverty or wealth, through shame or honor, Christian, cling close to your Master.

Be you among those virgin souls who whithersoever lamb doth lead from his footsteps ne 'er depart. Those are the men who shall be honored of heaven, who have peace with God unspeakable within their souls today, and shall have the brightest crowns of immortality upon their brows tomorrow.

The exactness of obedience is the very essence of obedience. Let us keep to it then. But now, thirdly, the path of obedience is generally a middle path. Turn not from it to the right hand or to the left.

Holding the Middle Path in Doctrine and Church Life

There is to be a right hand. There is sure to be a left hand, and both are probably wrong. There will be extremes on either side. I believe that this is true in ten thousand things in ordinary life and also true in spiritual things in very many respects.

The path of truth in doctrine is generally a middle one. There are certain tremendous truths, such as divine sovereignty, the doctrine of election, covenant transactions and so forth, and some men cast such a loving eye upon these truths that they desire to be and are quite blind to all other truths besides.

These great and precious doctrines take up the whole field of their vision, and another and equally valuable part of God's word is either left unread or else twisted around into some supposed reconciliation with the first named truths.

Then again, there are others who think much of man. They have deep sympathy with the human race. They see man's sin and ruin, and they are much charmed with the mercy of God and the invitations of the gospel which are given to sinners, and they become so entranced with these things in connection with the responsibility of man and man's free agency that they will see nothing else and declare all of their doctrines except these to be delusions.

If they admit the doctrines of grace to be true, they think them valueless, but they generally consider them to be untrue altogether. It seems to me that the great path of truth is to believe them both, to hold firmly that salvation is by grace, and to hold with equal firmness that the ruin of any man is wholly and entirely his own fault, to maintain the sovereignty of God and to hold the responsibility of man also, to believe in the free agency of both God and man, neither to dishonor God by making him a lackey to his creature's will, nor, on the other hand, to rid man of all responsibility by making him to be a mere log or a machine.

Take all that is in the Bible, dear friends, to be true. Never be afraid of any text that is written by the sacred pen. Dear brethren, when you turn the pages over, I do hope you never feel as if you wish that any verse could be altered.

I trust you never desire that any text might be amended so as to read a little more Calvinistic or a little more like the teaching of Arminius. Always stand to it that your creed must bend to the Bible and not the Bible to your creed, and dare to be a little inconsistent with yourselves, if need be, sooner than be inconsistent with God's revealed truth.

You will find the path of duty there, I think, to be neither to the right hand nor to the left. So I think it is in another respect in which the tendency is to one of two extremes. Some people say of ministers, these are God's priests.

They can distribute grace to us. Others cry out, no, no, they do not and cannot. We are all equally able to dispense the truth. We need none to instruct us. We are all of us to be pastors or rather to be sheepish enough to think we are.

Now there, I think, the safe path lies between the two. The minister is no priest, but still God does enable some men by his Spirit to teach others. He does raise up pastors after his own heart. We will magnify the office, but we will not magnify it too much.

We will not suffer any to speak against it, for we believe it to be a God-sent gift. On the other hand, we will not slavishly prostrate ourselves before any man, however gifted he may be. You will notice in connection with the ordinances of God's house, one extreme about sacraments is that they are channels of grace.

Baptism and the Lord's Supper are saving ordinances according to certain ignorant people. The opposite extreme is to leave ordinances alone altogether and to say there is nothing in them and that it is of no use to attend to them.

Surely the proper thing is to believe that as acts of obedience they are acceptable to God and as signs and tokens of great spiritual truths, they are instructive and edifying to the saints and therefore not to be neglected.

In this matter, I would have you turn neither to the right hand nor to the left. So too I think it should be in our general conduct. With regard, for instance, to our words, the course of speech generally is on the one hand to say too much or on the other hand to say too little, to be silent when the wicked are before us or else to be rash with our lips and betray a good cause through our rashness in defending it.

There is a time to speak and there is a time to be silent and he that judges well will mark his opportunities and take the middle course. He will neither be garrulous with advice that is not required nor will he be cowardly and dumb when he ought to bear testimony for his master.

The same holds good with regard to zeal. We have some abroad nowadays whose heads are very hot. They will be doing this and that and I know not what beside all in the twinkling of an eye. They talk as they would turn the world upside down whilst it is their own brains that need first to be turned into a right condition.

They foment revivals but not revivals such as we should approve of. Their revivals are blown up like bladders with mere human excitement and playing upon men's passions and this brings true zeal into contempt.

Theirs is a fire which burns down the house instead of burning in the great and warming the household. But shall we therefore not be zealous? God forbid shall we fall into the opposite extreme of those who fold their arms and say why make this noise?

God will do his own work. Things will go well enough. Let us be quiet. Let us sleep as do others. Brethren, there is a middle course of true, sensible, prudent zeal. Adhering to the truth and never giving up, never believing that people can be converted by lies, however earnestly bawled into their ears, walking within the bounds of God's truth and being persuaded that the best seed to sow is that which God puts into the basket of his word and that sinners are not to be saved by rash statements nor by extravagant declamation but that they are brought to Christ as they were of old by the simple telling out of the story of the cross affectionately and by the power of the Holy Ghost sent down from heaven, here again turn neither to the right hand nor to the left.

The Middle Path in Salvation, Assurance, and Daily Conduct

Brethren, this is a point we must take care to observe in the matter of our confidences. Neither to the right hand nor to the left must the Christian turn with regard to the reliance of his soul in the matter of his eternal salvation.

None but Jesus must be the constant watchword of our spirit. Some will call us in this direction and some in that. The wrecker's beacons would entice us upon the rocks in a thousand directions but let us steer by the sun or by the pole star and not trust to the treacherous guides of human fancy.

Keep close to this, that other foundation can no man lay than that which is laid, Jesus Christ the righteous. Rest in the finished work of the Lord Jesus and put all your reliance upon him as crucified, risen and pleading for his people.

Settle it in your hearts that you are not to be led away from Jesus. Should all the forms that men devise assault my faith with treacherous art, I'd call them vanity and lies and bind the gospel to my heart.

So in the matter of faith itself, let us keep the middle place. Let us not be as some are presumptuous and refusing to examine themselves declaring that they must be right. Let us remember that he who never doubted of his state, he may perhaps he may too late.

Let us not fall on the other side into constant doubting, imagining that we never can be fully assured but must always be raising the question. Tis a point I long to know, oft it causes anxious thought.

Do I love the Lord or no? Am I his or am I not? Let us ask God to guide us into the middle path wherein we can say, I know whom I have believed and am persuaded that he is able to keep that which I have committed unto him until that day.

Careful, watchful, prayerful, as much as if our salvation depended upon our own vigilance, relying upon the sure promise and the immutable oath, knowing that we stand in Christ and not in ourselves and are kept by the mighty God of Jacob and not by any power of our own.

This middle path wherein we turn not to the right hand of presumption nor to the left hand of unbelief is the path which God would have us tread. This rule too, for I might continue to apply it in a scores of ways, will also hold good with you in your daily life in the matter of your general cheerfulness or otherwise.

Some people never smile. Dear souls, they pull the blinds down on Sunday. They are sorry that the flowers are so beautiful and think that they ought to have been whitewashed. They almost believe that if the garden beds were of a little more serious color, it would be advisable.

I have known some and some whom I very greatly respect talk in this way. One good brother, whose shoe-latchet I am not worthy to unloose, said on one occasion that when he went up the Rhine, he never looked at the rocks or the old castles or the flowing river.

He was so taken up with other things. Why, to me, nature is a looking-glass in which I see the face of God. I delight to gaze abroad and look through nature up to nature's God. But that was all unholiness to him.

I confess I do not understand that kind of thing. I have no sympathy with those who look upon this material world as though it were a very wicked place and as if there were here no trace whatever of the divine hand and no proofs of the divine wisdom nor manifestations of the divine care.

I think we may delight ourselves in the works of God and find much pleasure therein and get much advance towards God Himself by considering His works. That to which I have thus referred is one extreme.

There are others who are all froth and levity, who profess to be Christians and yet cannot live without the same amusements as worldlings, must be now at this party and then at that, never comfortable unless they are making jokes and following after all the levities and frivolities of the world.

The first is a pardonable weakness in which there is much that is commendable, but this is a detestable one of which I can say nothing that is good. The Christian, I think, should steer between the two.

He should be cheerful but not frivolous. He should be sustained and happy under all circumstances, have a friendly and a kindly word for all and be a man among men as the Saviour was willing to sit at the banquet and to feast and rejoice with those that do rejoice, but still heavenly minded in it all, feeling that a joy in which he cannot have Christ with him is no joy and that places of amusement where he cannot take his Lord with him are no places of amusement but scenes of misery to him.

He should be constantly cheerful, happy and rejoicing, and yet at the same time he should evince a deep solemnity of spirit which removes far from him everything that is sacrilegiously light and trifling.

By the same rule, arrange your business. Some men in business act in such a way that from morning till night they can think of nothing but business. I have but to mourn over some Christians who, when they have had enough, did not know it.

When they were doing as much as they could do with health to their souls and had no more need of gain, yet they must needs launch out into something else that would take away all opportunities of serving God's cause and all time for reflection and thought and that would thus bring barrenness and leanness into their souls.

Others we have to complain of who do not work enough at their callings. They are at a sermon when they ought to be behind the counter or they are enjoying a prayer meeting when they ought to be mending their husband's stockings.

They go out preaching in the villages when they had better be earning money to pay their creditors. There are extremes, but the true Christian is diligent in business and is also fervent in spirit, seeking to combine the two.

The believer would be like one of old, a just man and devout, not having one duty smeared with the blood of another duty. Having a due proportion of all the graces, he seeks in his life to follow out his calling as a man, as a parent, as a member of the church or whatever else he may be.

Obedience and the Prosperity God Ultimately Gives

Now we shall close and our last remark is that the path of right is the path of true prosperity. Observe the last paragraph of the text, that thou mayest prosper whithersoever thou goest. Let no man be deceived with the idea that if he carries out the right by God's grace, he will prosper in this world as the consequence.