(Daniel) a Powerful Pernicious Personality — Willie Mullan

Daniel 11 and the Doctrine of the Devil

11th chapter, book of Daniel chapter 11, I think I should have said before we get started, the next Tuesday I hope to bring another booklet to you, it's called the doctrine of the devil and I've gone into this very carefully, went through the whole scriptures and found the creation of Lucifer, this book talks to the devil and says in the day that thou was created, that's a very special word that's there, he wasn't evolved from anything, he's a great created personality and of course he wasn't created the old Nick that we talk about, he was created Lucifer, which actually means son of the morning and I've gone into this very fully and I'm not only dealt with the creation of Lucifer, I went on to deal with the occupation of Lucifer and then I find the moment in the Old Testament that we can call the rebellion of Lucifer because he rebelled, while he was a created being he was not infallible and you'll find that he didn't like some of the truth that God was putting out and he rebelled against the truth.

We're looking for original sin as we sometimes talk about, I'm afraid you won't find it in the Garden of Eden, you know an old bank manager said to me once, I can see Adam and Eve in the garden alright and I can see the serpent coming and I can see Eve being tempted and I can see the fall, but I can't understand who tempted Satan long before this, he was thinking very cleverly you know, he didn't know the answers, but I put the answers in the book, not only dealt with the creation of Lucifer and the occupation and the rebellion, but then I deal with the retaliation of the serpent, how he came from Lucifer to the serpent and then with the indignation of the devil, because you come from Lucifer, serpent, devil and then we see the deportation of Satan, it's a tremendous study, I like to say this, I'm doing these specially for the class, it cost you ten new pens, let me say this for once and for all, when they're here next week we'll have about maybe 800 of them done, now they will be done again, so that's up to you, you see we've done others in the past, I did one on the spirits in prison and there's about a hundred looking for them and you didn't take them when you were here, you've missed them, I haven't got them, I'm only doing them for the class, I'm not running a bookshop, I'm just doing it for the viewers next week and if you miss them, don't become and comment on me about it, keeping them on just short supply for the class, I'm doing them for your benefit just because you're here and I think that you'll find it a worthy thing.

Daniel 11 as Detailed Prophecy

I went up this Daniel chapter 11 and you remember that I pointed out to you last Tuesday that this was a chapter of detailed prophecy, you see when this whole chapter, all these 45 verses were given to Daniel away back there by the angel and we went into this last week and the angel came to him and in verse 2 said, now will I show thee the truth and then we looked at the first 20 verses last week, now then they were given to Daniel, they were prophesied then and I pointed out that now when we are studying them from verse 1 to verse 20, it is history now, because the prophecies given to Daniel then in Dublin have been fulfilled and while it was detailed prophecy then, it is well known history to the historians now, that's from verse 1 to verse 20, but from verse 21 to verse 45, these last 25 verses of this chapter, they were prophesied then and they're prophecy still.

Now that's where the argument comes in sometimes, some of my best friends want to put the whole chapter into history and they say not only have these first 20 verses been fulfilled in history, but the next 25 are fulfilled and I say no, and I've got to simply prove that to an intelligent class.

And that's what we're going to set out to do this evening, we're going to look at the second part of the chapter and we're going to see that it is prophecy and that it is prophecy that has not been fulfilled as to yet, but it will be most surely fulfilled.

Somebody asked me once upon a time, tell me plainly how you can differentiate between the first 20 verses and the last 25. I think this should be very clear to this class, that looking at the first 20 verses, you will find a great many personalities, let's run through it again.

In the end you are speaking to Daniel and in verse 2 he's saying and now will I show thee the truth. Behold there shall stand up yet three kings in Persia, and the fourth shall be richer than they all.

And I think that it's very clear when you look up Daniel chapter 10 and see the first verse, that all this was happening in the third year of Cyrus, and the historians here can do this better than I can.

You can go back to the third year of Cyrus and you'll find this, that there were three Persian kings came quickly after him and the last king of the Persians was a very rich one, there were four exactly, and that's what was told Daniel.

But remember it was being told to him when Cyrus was on the throne, and you remember that when you come to the end of the Old Testament, the last dot in Malachi, that it is the Medes and Persians that are ruling this world as far as world dominion is concerned.

And that's what the angel was saying to him, the history then, the prophecy then is the history now. And then the angel said in verse 3, and a mighty king shall stand up, and I think we should underline the word the mighty king shall stand up, that is after the four Persians of Ramnicus, and shall rule with great dominion and do according to his will, and when he shall stand up his kingdom shall be broken and shall be divided toward the four winds of heaven.

And there's no doubt at all that this was Alexander the Great coming on the sea. And I think the historians will bear me out again that when he was at the peak of his power he died 33 years of age, having conquered the world and cried about no more worlds to conquer, and his great kingdom was divided into four, towards the four winds of heaven for his four generals divided the kingdoms north, south, east and west.

And so you see as we go down this first part of the chapter, all these personalities appear. At verse 5 the angel took up the general that took the southern part of the Grecian Empire which was Egypt, and he's called the king of the south, and then you can see in verse 6, and in the end of years they shall join themselves together for the king's daughter of the south.

Berenice is the woman in history, she's not named there, and I don't need to go over all that again this evening, all I need to do is to refresh your mind that the first 20 verses have the great number of personalities.

These four kings of Persia, this mighty king of Greece, then these divisions that came and these four generals taking them over, and then the king of the south and the king of the north which was Syria of course, and you get these daughters coming into the picture, the king of the south's daughter was Berenice, down the chapter at verse 17 it's another daughter and that was Cleopatra.

And I think that we got through that all right last week, I get very definitely filled with growing personalities from history. Now my answer to my friends who argue about the second part is this, that there is one personality from verse 21 to verse 45, and if you look very carefully you'll get a great picture of him, and I say that he's a powerful pernicious personality, let's run through it just generally looking on the surface, verse 21, and in his estate shall stand up a vile person.

The Vile Person and the Abomination of Desolation

Now this personality that we're going to be dealing with this evening in these 25 verses, this is how he's first brought before us, as a vile person, to whom they shall not give the honour of the kingdom.

But he shall come in peaceably, and I'm concluding from that that he's not only vile but that he's subtle, he's going to take command through subtlety, and if you look at verse 23, it says about making a league with him and that goes to the phrase that goes before, better read 22 to get it properly, and with the arms of the flood shall they be overflown from before him, and shall be broken, yea, also the prince of the covenant, now the prince of the covenant, a character we must get into focus, I believe that he's the high priest of Israel, and you'll find that this vile person who comes in peaceably, who is very subtle, makes a league with him it says, and after the league made with him, this vile person, he shall work deceitfully, I just want you to get the vile person, and I want you to see his subtlety, and I want you to see his deceitfulness, again the subtlety comes up in verse 24, he shall enter peaceably even upon the fattest places of the province, verse 25 tells you he shall stir up his power and his courage against the king of the south, so that you can see he's quite distinct from any Egyptian king that we might have been thinking about, who is this vile person, who is this deceitful emperor, who is this one who will make a covenant with Israel, who is this one who doeth deceitful things, who hath all this power, go on down the chapter and have a look at him, see verse 28, then shall he return into his land with great riches, and his heart shall be against the holy covenant, you see he's not only vile, he's not only deceitful, he's not only powerful, he's wicked, his heart shall be against the holy covenant, see verse 30, for the ships of Chittim shall come against him, therefore he shall be grieved and return, and have indignation against the holy covenant, see verse 31, and arms shall stand on his parts, and they shall pollute the sanctuary of strength, now that's the Jewish temple of God, and this vile person, is going to bring his forces even into the Jewish temple, and shall take away the daily sacrifice, that proves that's the Jewish temple, and they, this army, these forces of his, they shall place the abomination that maketh death on it, going to put something in the temple that's, going to bring an abomination, to the whole nation of Israel, who's this character, you see he goes on down the chapter, you'll find that he's vile, you'll find that he's subtle, you'll find that he's deceitful, you'll find that he's powerful, you'll find that he's wicked, do you see verse 36, it's speaking of him again, and the king shall do according to his will, and he shall exalt himself, a willful character, a selfish character, and magnify himself above every god, and shall speak marvellous things against the god of gods, or we're beginning to see the character, as I can tell you that he's not only vile, and deceitful, and subtle, and powerful, and wicked, and willful, and selfish, I think he's diabolical, with the person here, we're not changing from one king to another, in this part of the chapter, you see verse 37, it's a tremendous one, neither shall he regard the gods of his fathers, that's six volumes you know, I think he's a Jew, talking about the god of his fathers, he must be an apostate Jew, powerful one, you note the phrase that's there in 27, neither shall he regard the gods of his fathers, nor the desire of women, because I think the god of his fathers is Jehovah, and I think the desire of all Jewish women, was to be the mother of the Messiah, and he had neither regard for God nor Christ, wonderfully written this, the angel was given details to Daniel, no doubt, you find when it comes down to verse 40, it says, and at the time of the end, and that's the first place, in this whole long paragraph, where we get the time factor, because whatever's going to happen here, is going to happen at the time of the end, so that we must get all this in, as we go down the paragraph, you can see that it's one great personality, the whole way through, it says, at the time of the end, shall the king of the south push at him, and the king of the north shall come against him, so he's neither the king of the south, nor the king of the north, did you get that?

Because some of my smart aleck brethren, come round to talk to me, about him being the king of the north, and then some other character, comes about him being the king of the south, and you'd think they couldn't read, because the character that we're looking at, at the time of the end, both north and south are going to come against him, and I'll show you a thing in a moment, not only north and south, but east, but never west, because he must be getting his power from the west, you see, at the time of the end, shall the king of the south push at him, and the king of the north shall come against him, like a whirlwind, with chariots, with horsemen, with many ships, and he shall enter into the countries, and shall overflow and pass over, he shall enter also into the glorious land, and there's no doubts about that, it is Palestine, and it says, verse 42, he shall stretch forth his hand also upon the countries, and the land of Egypt shall not escape, but he shall have power over the treasures of gold and silver, and over all the precious things of Egypt, and the Libyans and the Ethiopians shall be at his step, because you see, he's not only vile, and subtle, and deceitful, and powerful, and wicked, and willful, and selfish, and fearless, because he regards neither God nor Christ, and diabolical, you'll find he's hated both by north and south, and east, and I want you to get the hold of it, that he's very rich, he shall have power over the treasures of gold, silver, usually when you have the command of the treasury, you can do a lot, you know, see verse 44, but tidings out of the east, this is another point of the compass, isn't it, north and south will come against him, and east, tidings out of the east, and out of the north shall trouble him, I'm only going down the chapter in a sort of loose way, you know, I want you to get the great set, that in the first 20 verses, we've got a dozen or more personalities, and in the next 25 we've only got one, that's outstanding, I know others have to be named because they fight with him, but we're looking at one personality, and you'll find he's vile, you'll find he's subtle, you will find that he's deceitful, find he's powerful, find that he's wicked, he hates the covenant, he hates the sanctuary, he's going to bring this abomination that maketh desolate into the sanctuary, you'll find that he's a willful person, he'll do according to his will, you'll find that he's selfish, he shall exhort himself, you'll find that he's fearless, neither he regards the God of his father, nor the desire of woman, not any God for that matter, you'll find that he's diabolical, you'll find that he's hated, you'll find that he's rich, you'll find that he's being troubled, at the end of the day, the last verse says, and he shall plant the tabernacles of his palace, between the seas, in the glorious holy mountain, that's geographically described for us you see, because the Mediterranean Sea lies out there, and the Sea of Galilee just lies a little bit north, and the Dead Sea, and it's in between the seas, in the holy mountain, that's exactly, where the temple will be built, and he shall plant the tabernacles of his palace, between the seas, in the glorious holy mountain, yet he shall come to his end, and that was very carefully put in, because it doesn't say he's going to die, because I'll tell you this, he doesn't die, that's a bittersweet, he's just belifted, and cast into the lake of fire without dying, he doesn't die, now you can see that the chapter does really divide in two, I think if you're being honest, in the first 20 verses, you get all these personalities, and they bring off right down the history page, from Babylon, right down through Medo-Persia, right down through the great Grecian Empire, right down through the time when the four generals took over Alexander's world empire, right down to the time when Rome took over, and when our Lord Jesus Christ was born, when we begin the Gospels, you know it is Rome that is in power, and the last 25 verses deal with this caricature, and is staring at us out of the page here this evening, and what a picture it is.

Why Antiochus Epiphanes Does Not Fulfill Daniel 11

Now I say that there is a division here, because the last 25 verses are dealing with this powerful, pernicious personality, but I say that the last part of the chapter, has not been fulfilled yet, because, it talks about this man, and his forces, bringing into the temple, this abomination of desolation.

So we've got to hold up very tight. You know one of my friends, who is a prophetic scholar of the kind, said to me, you know, you're making a mistake here. I know you've got the first part of the chapter right, because all these personalities fit into history, but immediately following them, there came a person in history called Antiochus Epiphanes, and he fits into this caricature here.

No he doesn't! And just as dogmatic as all that, because I told him that day, that Antiochus Epiphanes died 130 years before Christ came, and when Christ came, he's still talking about the abomination of desolation.

It's still future. Still future for our Lord Jesus, and I think my Lord knew better than my friend. So I follow him. You see, this personality that we've got in the second part of this chapter, it is his soldiers, in verse 31, have a look at it again now.

And arms shall stand on his parts, and they shall pollute the sanctuary of strength, and shall take away the daily sacrifice. At the moment that would be for the Jewish nation. And they shall taste the abomination that maketh death.

Now this man that's in this chapter, this powerful, pernicious personality, he's the one that orders the army to do this, so that we must listen to what Christ had to say about it. Let's go to Matthew 24 for a moment.

Jesus, Jerusalem, and the Future Tribulation

Matthew's Gospel, chapter 24. Now I don't think that you'll ever be able to interpret Matthew 24, unless you start in the verse of 2 and 23. Look at 23 in verse 37, our Lord Jesus Christ is speaking. And he's speaking to the great city of Jerusalem, and you can't make any mistakes about that.

Don't breathe in the church into that, please. You're stiff, it's Jerusalem, it's Jerusalem. Now it's Matthew 23, 37, and our Lord Jesus Christ is speaking and saying, O Jerusalem, Jerusalem, thou that killest the prophets, and you wouldn't like to say that about the church, would you?

And stonest them which are sent unto thee. How often would I have gathered thy children together, even as a hen gathereth her chickens under her wings, and ye would not. Mind you, that would not is a very powerful statement.

You see, the Lord came to this nation, and became as their king, and he entered into the royal city one day, riding on an ox. And you know, he would have taken the nation at that time, and he would have made it something, but they would not.

And the boys that talk about all sovereignty, have a look at it. Because these men are responsible here for their actions. He didn't say, I would, and ye could not. Oh, no, no, no, no. He said, you would not.

You know, God calls sinners still, sir. And there will come a day when God will call you no more, and let you go to hell. And when you are in eternity, God will say to you, because I call, and ye refuse.

But you can refuse, you know. And we get off on this sovereignty far too much at times. I know there's such a thing as the sovereignty of God, but I also know there's such a thing as the responsibility of man.

Jesus said, I would, but he would not. He just refused. And it's getting quite clear that he's talking to Jerusalem, he's talking to the Jewish nation. And just because they were absolutely despising and rejecting their king at that time, he said, behold, your house is left unto you desolate.

They were refusing their king. In fact, they boldly cried, we will not have this man to reign over us. In fact, they added insult to injury because they said, we have no king but Caesar. That was the Jews.

They refused Christ. In fact, they did a terrible thing when they despised and rejected him. They said, not this man, but Barabbas. And you know, they hadn't even the common courtesy to use his name. Not this man.

But they could name the name of the robber they accepted, Barabbas. What a wicked thing to do. And so their house was left to them desolate. And then the Lord said this to them, for I say unto you, ye shall not see me henceforth till ye shall say, this nation would never have this opportunity again, till ye shall say, blessed is he that cometh in the name of the Lord.

And you know, the Lord was telling them very definitely that he was really their true king. They refused him, their house was desolate. But that he would come back again, and he will. And you'll not see me until you say, blessed is he that cometh in the name of the Lord.

Their king will come, alright. You see, he was leaving off his dealings with the Jewish nation of the Jewish nation. He was about to take up this great, wonderful bride of his, the church. And he did.

That's why we are gathered here this evening. The Jews are not cast off forever, remember. This king will come again. And we're not talking about him coming to the air for the church when we talk like that.

We're talking about him coming to the Mount of Olives to take over the kingdom. And then they'll see him. And every eye in the nation will see him. And they'll see the wounds in his hands. I surprised an old Jew once, you know, when I said to him, Do you believe your Messiah is coming?

Of course I believe, as he said. He said, well where did you get the foundation for that? He said, Zechariah tells us that he will come. That right now. Zechariah tells you that the one that's coming will have wounds in his hands.

Where did he get them? Never saw an old fellow as much distress in your life. He says, you're going to wake up, you know, to find out that your Messiah that you're talking about is my Savior. Because your people rejected him and put wounds in his hands and he'll have them forever.

Matthew 24 and the Questions About Christ's Coming

Now when Jesus said this, he went out of the temple. It's a pity that this chapter divides there. But chapter divisions help us too. So we mustn't be too critical. Jesus speaking to him, and Jesus went out and departed from the temple.

That was the day he walked out of the temple and he will not walk back again until he comes as the King of Kings. Jesus went out, departed from the temple and the disciples came to him for to show him the buildings of the temple.

I wonder why they did that. He'd seen the buildings many times. He'd been there for thirty years, you know, and he'd been three years with them. I have a suspicion, and you can question it if you like.

I think they were almost annoyed that he said, your house is left unto you desolate, because they were all Jews. They're trying to say it's not desolate. Have a look at the fine buildings, Lord. Just take a look at them.

Well, this is what he said to them then. Jesus said unto them, see not all these things verily I say unto you, they shall not be left here. One stone upon another that shall not be thrown down. What a statement it was.

My, if the Rosalites never believed he was God, they ought to do it now. My, if you looked at the fine building and you could see the big stones, I was there and examined some of them. Nearly a ton weight on some of these.

He says there will not be one left on the Lord, and it was so. It's only seventy years later that Titus the Roman general came and they tore the temple down. How did he know this? It's a fact of history, you know.

But our Lord said even when it was standing there will not be left one stone upon another. Vesri, he walked on out of the temple, he walked down the Kidron Valley. He walked up the other side of the valley and that's the Mount of Olives.

And he sat upon the Mount of Olives. And his disciples came unto him privately, and I like the word privately because these are only Jews that are around him. Saying, tell us when shall these things be?

That's question number one, just get them in their order. Because if the Lord stood beside you and said that all the stones were going to be thrown down and the temple wrecked and ransacked, you would inquire, wouldn't you?

When shall these things be? And then he put another question in, and what shall be the sign of thy coming? Now, don't let the believers get the coming here wrong. They didn't know about Christ's coming for the church, you know.

They knew nothing about it, it wasn't revealed then. In fact, the church wasn't formed. They're only going back into chapter 23 where he was talking about, you'll not see me soon. He said, blessed is he that cometh.

It's the coming to the nation to take it over as king that they're thinking about. So they're asking a question, when will all these stones be thrown down and when will you come as the king? What shall be the sign of thy coming?

They believed he was the king, alright. And of the end of the world? Should be the end of the age, but it doesn't matter. These three questions. Now he's talking to them. Jesus answered and said unto them, take heed that no man will feed you.

And we must not read ourselves into this in any form. He's talking to these Jews. And they're enquiring about Jewish things. Get the hold of it now. No more reading the church into it. That's the trouble with it.

They always know to live. It's not ours at all. These are Jews, they're around him privately and they want to know when he will come to take over the nation. And when will these big stones be thrown down and the temple, the Jewish temple be wrecked.

What will be the end of the age? He says verse 5, for many shall come in my name saying I am Christ and shall deceive many. And that has happened you know. Even during the church period many have come to the nation of Israel and said they were the Christ and they deceived many.

And the Jewish nation has heard of wars and rumours of wars. See that you be not troubled. For all these things must come to pass but the end is not yet. For nations shall rise up against nations. And kingdom against kingdom.

And there shall be famines and pestilences and earthquakes in diverse places. And then he makes a break in the great sermon. He says all these are the beginning of thoughts. So you've got to make a break there you know.

He's just saying you know I've walked out and I've left the house desolate. And they're not going to have their kingdom. They're not going to have their kingdom. There'll be a lot of false Christs come down.

And this world will run its course. Of course he would be calling out the bride for his name. And during that time the Jewish nation would see wars and rumours of wars and famines and pestilences and so on.

He says all these. Just the beginning of thoughts. And we're right along at that point just now aren't we? The only thing that we know which is different from them that the Lord is coming one of these nights for the church.

Taking us out you know. Taking us right out. And when the church is taken out. There will be a vile person revealed to this world. Yes there will. Now let's have a look at it. Verse 9. Then shall I deliver you up to be afflicted.

And he's not talking to the church. He's talking to the Jews. And shall kill you. And I can tell you this vile person will be determined to kill many Jews. And ye shall be hated of all nations. I'm sure you've got it right now.

Yes we're talking about nations. Hating everybody. We're not talking about the church. And the Jews will be hated of all nations. And we're very nearly there now. And then shall many be offended and shall betray one another.

And that is happening even in Russia. And shall hate one another. And many false prophets shall rise. And shall deceive many. And because iniquity shall abound the love of many shall wax cold. You see.

When the sorrows have come to an end and the church goes. And the vile person arises. You know even in that great tribulation and punishment against the Jews. Which we'll look at very carefully next week in Daniel chapter 12.

Endurance, Salvation, and the Gospel of the Kingdom

You know God will have witnesses even in the tribulation. And watch this phrase. In the tribulation verse 13. But he that shall endure unto the end shall be saved. Is that how you get saved now? Oh blubbers.

When the man in the prison got down on his knees and said. What must I do to be saved did Paul say? Endure to the end. Oh nonsense. No I just said to him believe in the Lord Jesus Christ and thou shalt be saved.

But when the Jews is in the tribulation and this vile person is exercising his power and wickedness. Those who have taken their stand for God will have to endure to the end. And that will be what God will expect of them.

And that text doesn't apply to you. It applies to the Jews in the tribulation. Sure we are saved by grace. We are not saved by enduring anything. It's wonderful how they muddle scripture up. They can't read that for trouble.

Now watch this very carefully. But this gospel of the kingdom. Now did you get that now? What does gospel mean? Good news you say. What is the good news of the kingdom? The good news about the kingdom is that the king is coming.

Oh we are not preaching that tonight. We are preaching the gospel of grace. It's good news. It's good news that you can get saved by faith tonight without doing a thing. It's all done for you. But there will be witnesses even when the vile person is here.

There will be witnesses. Who will testify that the king is coming soon. Because we will be waiting for him to come. He says for this gospel of the kingdom shall be preached in all the world for a witness unto all nations and then shall the end come.

Then he said this to him. I think he must have lowered his voice when he said this. He says when he therefore shall see the abomination of desolation spoken of by Daniel the prophet stand in the holy place.

Tell me this as we go on back to chapter 11. Old university professor said to me once you know. Old fellow with a beard. There is nothing wrong with having a beard. My Lord had a beard. But I am describing the person.

He closed the eyes. He said you were preaching about Daniel. I don't believe there was a Daniel. They said it doesn't worry me what an old fellow like you believes. They don't mind what you believe. What I believe accounts for me.

Just for the fun of the thing. What are you guessing your belief on? He honestly didn't know. He just picked it up from some other modernistic character. All right so I can tell you this that I believe there was a Daniel.

And I'll tell you how I believe it. Do you believe that Jesus Christ was God's son? He said yes. I said no be honest professor tell me this. Do you think he knew more than you? He quickly questioned. He was honest he was very honest.

He said if he was the son of God. The Lord of Glory. Then I believe he knew more than me. I said I can tell you this professor he said there was a Daniel the prophet. That's good enough for me. He's never argued me out of it after that.

If I couldn't go another inch I'll stand there. My Lord said there was a Daniel the prophet. That's good enough for me. There was a Daniel he was a prophet. We're not along this theological argument just now.

We're having a look at what Christ was saying to them. He's talking about the tribulation for the nation of Israel. And he's saying to them when the Jews see the abomination of desolation spoken of by Daniel the prophet stand in the holy place.

He says then let them which be in Judea and he's not talking about Austria. Do you know what Judea is I hope? He says then let them which be in Judea flee. You see what I'm doing? I'm proving I think that in the eleventh chapter in the second part from verse 21 to 25 there's a great pernicious powerful personality.

That there is no character in scripture and no character in history has fulfilled all that we see about him. Even our Lord Jesus Christ is pointing away to the great tribulation and saying it's down there at that time this person will put this abomination of desolation in the sanctuary.

So that you're bound to see that this personality that we have in Daniel chapter 11 you can see this. Let's go back to the chapter again for a moment. You see I know that this part of the chapter is not fulfilled because of this glowing picture of this powerful pernicious personality.