Indigenous Principles — William MacDonald

The Gift of Christ and the Ministry of Every Believer

Would you turn in your Bibles tonight to Ephesians chapter 4. What I would just like to do is have a quiet talk with you about Indigenous principles. Things that you already know, but it's good to Stir up our pure minds by way of remembrance, I think.

Ephesians chapter 4 and verse 7. Ephesians 4 and 7 but unto every one of us is given grace according to the measure of the gift of Christ. Wherefore he saith or wherefore it saith in the book of Psalms when he ascended up on high he led captivity.

Captive and gave gifts unto men. Now that he ascended what is it, but that he also descended first into the lower parts of the earth. And incidentally, I read I understand that expression the lower parts of the earth to refer to the Virgin's womb.

David uses a similar expression doesn't he in Psalm? 139 when he speaks of himself as having been curiously wrought in the lower parts of the earth. Where was he born underground? Not at all born from his mother's womb.

And I think what this passage of Scripture is saying is that that the risen ascended Lord Jesus Christ gave gifts to men. Risen ascended. How could he ascend he had been in heaven from all eternity. Oh, it presupposes a prior descent doesn't it?

And that descent was in incarnation. He first descended into the lower parts of the earth. He that descended is the same also that ascended up far above all heavens that he might fill all things. And he gave some Apostles and some prophets and some evangelists and some pastors and teachers for the perfecting of the Saints.

Eliminate the comma if it's in your version. It's not for the Perfecting of the Saints comma under the work of the ministry comma unto the edifying of the body of Christ. It's for the perfecting of the Saints unto the work of the ministry Under the edifying the building up of the body of Christ till we all come in The unity of the faith and of the knowledge of the Son of God Unto a perfect man unto the measure of the stature of the fullness of Christ that we henceforth be no more children tossed to and fro and carried about with every wind of doctrine by the slight of men and cunning craftiness whereby they lie and wait to deceive but Speaking the truth and love may grow up into him in all things which is the head even Christ from whom the whole body fitly joined together and compacted by that which every joint supplier According to the effectual working and the measure of every part make an increase of the body Under the edifying of itself in love.

Clergy, Laity, and the Ministry of the Saints

I Can never read this passage of Scripture without going back in memory to? the Hawaiian Islands during the Second World War when God was having real dealings in my life and The question came to be why do you meet the way the people in the so-called assemblies meet?

Are you in the assemblies because your father was in them and because he made you go to them? Or are you in them by personal conviction? But I said, okay that settles it I'm going to the Word of God and see what the word I'm going to the Word of God and see if I would be Just as happy in a denominational church the usual clergy laity Relationship and so I did I started in the Word of God to gain Convictions for myself and I really believe the Spirit of God led me to Ephesians chapter 4 and When I saw that in Ephesians chapter 4 that the gifts were given For the perfecting of the Saints unto the work of the ministry Under the edifying of the body of Christ I thought the principles are really divine.

The principles that I have been used to are really divine. I Between clergy and laity and I saw that the world will never be evangelized as long as we have a clerical system. The God's program is to see the Saints Built up for the work of the ministry.

That's what it's going to take. Isn't it every member? Evangelism I was reading from Hudson Taylor the other day and I came across this. I think it's quite good. He said in the parent in a letter to his parents dated July 1873 he wrote the work is steadily growing especially in that most important department Native help the helpers are becoming more efficient as well as more numerous and the future hope for China Lies doubtless in them.

I look on foreign missionaries as the scaffolding Round a rising building the sooner it can be dispensed with the better or rather the sooner it can be Transferred to other places to serve the same Temporary purpose a few months later.

He again wrote I am aiming at such organization of our forces as Will enable us to do more work with fewer foreign missionaries by the more thorough training of our Native helpers. Well that rather thrilled me to read that excerpt from Hudson Taylor.

Indigenous Churches in China

Because I had the joy of a brief visit in China last October. And you know, I believe that some of the most beautiful Indigenous churches in the world today are in China. If you'd like to read a very excellent book get a hold of a book called the church in China by Carl Lawrence.

And it will thrill your soul. Actually, there are two types of churches in China today. There's what is called the three self help Patriotic movement that is the official government church. That is the church that's under the thumb of the government.

There are many true believers in those churches many true believers that have just chosen to go That way. And while I'm speaking about that church that free self-help patriotic movement I might just say that the Chinese government recently printed 1 million Bibles and Distributes them through that church.

Incredible. People say why would the Chinese government do that? I don't know. But I know God often causes men to do things that naturally they wouldn't do. He did it with Balaam didn't he. Balaam said some wonderful things he didn't want to say them but God overruled.

Well in addition to that, of course, there's what is known as the underground church and there are millions of believers in China today. In fact, it's absolutely thrilling to read about it and Carl. I don't know Carl Lawrence.

I don't know who he is, but in almost naivete. He says that the wonderful thing is that these churches don't have resident pastors. They have itinerant evangelists who move around the countryside and visit them.

But the church is vibrant. The church is on fire for the Lord. I believe Hudson Taylor would be thrilled If he could know what's going on in China today, maybe he does know. Under those circuits interesting that even in the three self-help patriotic movement.

The government wants churches that are self-governing. Self-propagating and self-financing. Interesting, isn't it that a worldly government? Would latch on to those things. They want the church to develop a long Chinese line.

Well, many a truth was spoken between false teeth, hmm, and I think you have an illustration of that there. I mean if they're right giving credit for it. I hope I don't shock you when I say this. But I think one of the worst things that could happen in China today would be an influx of Western missionaries.

I really do it would change the whole character of the work there and take away from it that beautiful Indigenous character that it has today. Now I think we have a responsibility to pray for those dear Christians.

I brought back with me a picture of a dear young brother who traveled five days on a train From Urumqi up in the north down to Canton in order to be baptized. I'll tell you a lot of people in the United States wouldn't cross the street to be baptized.

Would they he traveled five days in an Uncomfortable train from the north down to the south just to be baptized. What do we mean when we talk about indigenous churches? Well, I think the best synonym I would know for indigenous is native native.

We speak of orchids as being indigenous to Hawaii. But not to Alaska. You know. Orchids just flourish out there in the Hawaiian Islands. They don't do well in Alaska or in Siberia and when we speak of that in connection with the churches, we we say that we want churches to Follow New Testament principles to be empowered by the Spirit of God, but to be self-governing.

Self-financing self-propagating. I Think you see it in the life of the Apostle Paul and and that's really a throwing thing to go back to the New Testament. The book of Acts and the epistles and see Paul at work there going into an area.

Preaching the gospel in the power of the Spirit of God. He was a man who was radioactive with the Spirit of God and when he preached things happened for God. English bishops said Everywhere Paul went he started a revolution.

Everywhere I go they served me teeth well everywhere. Paul when he did start a revolution and things happen and and Souls were saved and then he would teach them the great truth of the of the Word of God with regard to the church.

And with regard to other things of the next thing, you know a church. Came into being an assembly came into being thrilling. I Always marvel over Thessalonica, don't you? Paul going into that Greek community.

It was really pretty primitive territory. As far as the gospel was concerned, but he preached. And he preached in power and his life backed up his preaching. He said that to them. You know what manner of men we were among you for your sake.

They first saw Christ in Paul. And the next thing, you know, there's a church. There's an assembly there in Thessalonica as the Spirit of God is given opportunity To raise up elders as leaders there. They're raised up and They're recognized and Paul advises and Paul moves on.

Great really great. Paul was not a resident pastor abroad. Was he? He was not a resident pastor abroad. Someone has said he was a goer not a stayer. William Dillon said something. He said a successful foreign missionary is never replaced by a foreign missionary.

Well, that may be a little extreme that statement but it has shock value makes you sit up and think a successful Foreign missionary is never replaced by a foreign missionary. So Paul went the longest Paul ever stayed in one place at the time was two years in Ephesus.

And during his total ministry, he was there for three years. But at any one time the longest he stayed was two years in Ephesus. He's nice to have him here at the conference. Have him tell us how he did it.

Under God a lot of us would like to know more about that. I'm sure. But he did he set up assemblies that were really Self-governing you see that for instance in the book of Titus and I always get a special thrill out of this.

Paul is telling Titus what the Crete Cretan people were like. He said they're they're liars. He said they're evil beasts. He said they're idle glutton. That's what they were naturally apart from the grace of God.

But the grace of God comes into Crete and these men are saved in the very very same chapter. Paul says I want you to ordain elders. I'll tell you there's something thrilling about that, isn't there when you can take such promising raw material and See it transformed by the grace of God and these men becoming functioning elders in a in the midst of Place like that.

Yes, the local assembly the local fellowship should be self-governing. It's not to be governed by a foreign Missionary and frankly, it's not to be governed by a national worker or by national workers paid by foreign missionaries.

And in the course remarks that I will be thinking of some of the abuses I could just pause here and say that I think the American dollar has done and is doing more harm in the mission field than any other single thing I can think of and It's not purposeful because the American people are generous and the American people are gullible and It's just causing a lot of problems on the mission field today.

Self-Governing Assemblies and Local Leadership

Self-governing assemblies a plurality of Elders and you know, the wonderful thing is that these principles are good for any place in the world. I'll never forget visiting in some of the most remote parts of Italy.

We went up to a mountain town there. There was a huge Catholic Hospital made of Italian marble. There was a famous priest there named Padre Pio and he had supposedly had these marks in his hands that bled at periodic intervals the stigmata they're known and Padre Pio, of course wore gloves all the time nobody ever saw his hands and the people would say isn't that a mark of his Genuine humility that he wears gloves.

Well right in that same place where Padre Pio was carrying on it was a little assembly of believers and these dear men going out into the fields at Sun up in the morning and coming home at sundown at night working hard in the fields all day.

I want to tell you something they knew the Word of God and they could minister the Word of God and they could speak in the power of the Holy Spirit of God and they could see more on their knees than Padre Pio could see on his tiptoes and I said to myself praise God for New Testament church principles.

Because I saw them in operation and I saw that they were and they could those people couldn't have hired a pastor. They couldn't have built a church. They didn't have money for either a pastor or a church building.

But I'll tell you they were functioning to the glory of God. I'd love to get back there. I felt so much at home with those dear Christians there. That's the goal, isn't it? What a monument to leave behind.

I can't think of anything greater the greater monument to leave behind their New Testament assemblies. Going on brightly for the Lord Jesus and on the foreign field able to carry on without foreign personnel at all.

It's good, it's good when the nationals can handle disciplinary matters, isn't it? Disciplinary problems come up, of course all the time in situations like this. And some of you know from first-hand experience that if the foreign worker Handles it oftentimes there's grudges among the Christians against him because of it.

He's acting against one of their own. It's like the Arab proverb that says I and my brother against my cousin. But the next part of the problem proverb says I and my brother and my cousin against an outsider.

Hmm. I think that tells the story I and my brother against my cousin we have the privilege of fighting one another if we want I and My brother and my cousin against an outsider. And incidentally, that's what's happening in Lebanon today, isn't it?

That's the whole story of Lebanon today and will be for days to come. Good good when the nationals themselves are trained and are able with an open Bible to handle the disciplinary problem. It's good when the nationals themselves Administer the Lord's Supper as it were and decide on the forms of service.

But I really believe this that these Indigenous principles must be introduced from the very beginning of the work. I think that the nationals have the right to know from the very beginning the form that the work is going to take they will rise to the Occasion and it's really these principles just as important in this country the same principles apply.

In our assemblies we have to be constantly Thinking about the training of younger men to take over the leadership of the assemblies. I was rather thrilled two years ago I was in Israel and two of the brothers came to me to the leading brothers in Israel and they said brother bill.

They said we're not going to be here much longer. We're passing off the scene and they said we want to see God raise up leaders for the work here in Israel. They said 15 years ago, there were only 200 Jewish believers in all of Israel today there were 2 ,000 they said We want to do something about it.

And so it was arranged that in July of this year We would have a leadership training conference there where the young men of Israel could come together and have a whole month of Intensive leadership training you might pray for that would really appreciate your prayers.

I think it's something very significant for the land of Israel. What a joy to be there with those dear young people many of them come in with their army uniforms they'll come in in uniform with a machine gun in their hand or whatever the gun is and Then they'll go upstairs and change and come down and attend the meetings.

But those men had a burden. To see leadership strong spiritual leadership raised up for the work in Israel in indigenous churches, there should be a Self-financing. The assembly should be independent of foreign support and then there can be no question about That assembly or the work being an agent of a foreign power.

Workers should be supported by the national believers. Well, a lot of them don't like this. I was in a country in the Orient and a brother said to me. He said brother McDonald we Christian workers here do not want to be supported by our local assemblies.

We want to be supported from the United States. And then he said to me, what do you think of that? I said, I think it's the worst thing that could happen. He said well, why would you say that it was rather offended that I would be so negative.

I said my dear brother 60 miles north of us. The communist forces, right? Well, we were talking the communists were lined up 60 miles north of us. I said supposing someday they should just cross over that line and come down here.

Whose heads Do you think would be the first to fall? The heads of those supported by imperialist dollars, that's who. He didn't appreciate it and he may have been the same man who said to a brother who's sitting in the meeting tonight We want your money, but we don't want you pretty straight talk, isn't it actually in that country American dollars have flowed in such a way that the people the Christian people of that country have developed a beggar Mentality and the work is not Indigenous in the truest sense of the word too bad, isn't it?

Too bad that a situation like that could ever exist. They say well our people are so poor That we couldn't support a national worker. Well, I'll tell you how it is if there are ten families in that assembly and ten families tithes.

They could support one National worker on the same economic level as themselves just as easy as that. Let me say that again if there are only ten families in that fellowship and most of them have far more than that and Each of those families would tithe.

They could support one national worker on the same economic level as themselves. He would be supported on a comparable basis buildings For meeting should be designed built and owned by the nationals and financed by national funds.

Years ago. There was a very dear Christian brother in Kathmandu Nepal and He may he he was brought by loving Americans over to this country. I don't think he ever got even got further than the East Coast and the church is there lavished him with money and he went back and and this dear man had had served prison sentences for baptizing believers in Kathmandu and He went back and they built this tremendous edifice in downtown Kathmandu and it just shrieks America.

The only thing indigenous about it is that they don't have chairs or pews they sit on the floor the only thing But almost make you sick to see it. It was so out of place. It was so bizarre it was so incongruous to see that kind of an edifice in a country like Kathmandu and especially in The city the capital city, so there are tremendous abuses today through the wrongful use of money.

Years ago. I was in Amman Jordan and There's a wonderful missionary brother there in Amman. His name is Roy Whitman. Some of you may know him. I don't think I ever see his name in any of the magazines.

But down through the years Roy Whitman has done a marvelous job for God raising up indigenous assembly. He speaks Arabic so well that the Arabs like to come just to hear him speak. They're so impressed by his Arabic and down through the years.

He's seen these assemblies built up. He's seen under God. He's seen elders raised up men proficient in the Word of God men living godly line. Then what happened? Well, I'll tell you what happens. American evangelical denominations go over there and they want to start a church in Jordan so they go to one of these elders and They offer him a salary that would be comparable.

There's something that they'd be getting in the United States terrible almost cruel almost inhumane and Many many times it's just been too much of a temptation for those dear men. And so they leave that assembly and they go to pastor denominational Church and I admire Roy Whitman.

He never said a word. He just flawed on. And God has vindicated that man over the years. If it were me, I think I could have dipped my pen in acid and written out a few well-chosen words, but not Roy Whitman.

That's hard when God has used you to raise up these lovely assemblies. Something similar that to that happened in Nazareth Israel. Some of you have been to Nazareth probably visited the little assembly there Harry and best Negro used to work there and then God called Harry home best came back to the United States and the assembly functions as an indigenous Arab assembly.

Well There was another denomination that wanted to start a work there in Nazareth and they came over not even to an elder. Just to one of the brothers in the assembly. They say come be our pastor. We'll pay you and I don't know what the salary was maybe ten thousand dollars or something, which would make him a millionaire.

Comparably in that country and so he went and he became the pastor of that local church in Nazareth. Well, the interesting thing is when the Arabs when the unsaved Arabs in Nazareth when they pass that church.

They say the American church because it's financed by American dollars. Now that might sound good to you the American church, but doesn't sound good to them. I'll tell you this they don't say that when they pass the building where the assembly meets.

It's an indigenous Assembly, it's governed by some of their own countrymen. By their own neighbors and It's financed by their own neighbors and it's propagated by their own neighbors as well years ago in Laos.

There was a national worker supported from the United States one of the denominations in the United States and He was getting more money than the governor of the province. How do you think that went over with the authority?

Not very well. Not very well. And I wouldn't think his longevity would be very great in the succeeding years. I Don't know how it finally came out. But he a simple Christian worker getting more money than the governor of the province.

I mean years ago I was in Rome and I visited the Bible school in Rome and they asked me if I'd come and teach. And I looked around there weren't any students. I began to wonder who I'd teach. And I said, what's the story about the students.

They said well Italian young people want to be paid to come to Bible school. They've been bitten by a fox. Hadn't they? They had seen American dollars flowing all over the place and they wanted to get in on it.

Financial Independence and the Dangers of Foreign Support

Non indigenous churches and assemblies provoke the suspicion of Hostile governments whereas indigenous assemblies can go underground as no other work can do. Hostile governments resent Western imperialistic support and the communists use this as propaganda in their war and of course, there's always the danger of rice.

Christians doesn't there. When I was in India brother Ken Smith told me that there are people in India Who will profess to be saved? Be baptized. Come into the fellowship of the assembly and be in the fellowship of the assembly for 20 years.

All they want is a trip to the United States. I was speaking in a place one night I think was in Calcutta and a well-dressed man came up to me afterwards and he said good evening. Mr. McDonnell I said good evening.

He said I would like to take an Emmaus course. I said, well, that's interesting. How did you know about I hadn't said a word about the Emmaus course at that night? I said, how did you know about the Emmaus course?

The same courses that are available in the United States are available right here in Calcutta. He said I want to take the course. So the next day I was leaving Calcutta and I went by the turning sheet to say goodbye to mr. Mrs. Ken Smith, and I said, oh, I forgot to tell you I have a new prospect for you for the correspondence course and She said what's his name?

And I told her, she said all he wants is a trip to America. It was pretty true. All he wants. Is a trip. To America. And then the indigenous churches should be self-propagating and this is wonderful.

Thessalonica and the Self-Propagating Church

Isn't it wonderful that Paul went into Thessalonica and he preached the gospel and pretty soon they became a hub from which the word of God was radiating in the surrounding district. Great that he could go in and see them planted and look at them and see them functioning but from you sounded forth the word of the Lord he can say to them what a wonderful thing missionaries can never evangelize the world, can they?

We take that for granted tonight. Missionaries can never evangelize the world but missionaries can teach nationals, can preach the gospel, can teach nationals can mobilize them and work with or under them and I don't know whether you'd agree with this or not but I think it's true that most missionaries can never reach the unsaved quite like the nationals themselves can.

They have the culture, they see illustrations of Bible truth in everything around them. Now there are arguments used against some of this I know and we want to think about them for instance, arguments against turning the work over to nationals and it's just as true here in the United States there is an innate hesitation about turning over leadership to other men and it's easy to say we can't do that nationals can't govern themselves.

Nationals have their own tribal governments. Nationals have their own household governments. In fact all society on earth is supported by two pillars, authority and submission to that authority. It's impossible to think of any ordered society whether political, religious or anything else that doesn't have authority and subjection to that authority and tribes have it and sometimes it's very, very strong and they do know how to govern themselves.

They have their own government. Another objection is they don't know how to do things right. They don't know how to do things right. Well, that means what that really means is they don't know how to do things the way we do them.

That's really what it means and it's true that many of them wouldn't do things the way I'll never forget one night I was down in Mexico City and we were having a meeting and one of the girls from OM was going to sing a solo and a young Mexican fellow got up to the piano and I tell you he fairly murdered it.

It was awful. She would be ready for the next note and went off on a trill somewhere and she would just stand there and hold her breath till he got through with the trill and I was squirming. It was a most uncomfortable experience for me but I looked around and I saw the people, the Mexican people, were enjoying it and I thought to myself, what's the matter with you, McDonald?

This is the way it should be. I was squirming at the way he was carrying on at the piano but they thought it was wonderful that the Mexican fellow was up there carrying on and it was. I changed my whole thinking on the process.

Cultural Humility and Mutual Misunderstanding

I think what we have to realize is that just as sometimes we have resentments toward the nationals, they have resentments toward us. They say that we don't understand their concepts of time, that's true, and of courtesy and of personal friendship.

I think we have to plead guilty to some of it. They say that we have a domineering attitude, that we're full of superiority. They sometimes feel resentful that missionaries don't want their children to marry foreign nationals or that a missionary may be called home if he falls in love with a national.

Some nationals resent the time that missionaries spend in housekeeping at the market with mail, caring for children, visiting with other missionaries rather than doing missionary work. It's good to know what people think about us, isn't it?

They resent the fact that missionaries don't adapt themselves to foreign courtesy. They're especially resentful when missionaries talk in their presence in English and they don't understand what's being said.

And it isn't particularly courteous, is it? And many of them feel resentful when we don't learn the language well. I remember one brother, young brother from this country going down to Argentina years ago in the fields.

Ah, he comes with a word in his mouth. Became proficient in their language and they were exhilarated. The missionaries have resentment toward the nationals oftentimes. They say the people don't appreciate us and all we're doing for them.

They say the people are completely irresponsible or they're not educated enough to take over or they're always late or they fail to pay back loans or are always late in doing so. We here in the United States have had some experiences with this and I'm sure many of you are familiar with them and I think some of us have to admit that we've made mistakes ourselves.

I remember years ago two gentlemen came from an Asian country. They started touring the assemblies and the money started rolling in. They happened to be wearing very tattered clothes like the Gibeonites and all the wonderful clothing centers offered to completely outfit them but they didn't want to be outfitted.

They toured the assemblies and they went back to their country, relatively speaking, millionaires and it took the work of God 20 years to recover from the strife, conflict, jealousy that resulted from that.

If you don't believe it, ask Mr. J. M. Davies. He's the one who told me it took 20 years for the work to recover from the harm that was done. Those men should have been supported by their own assemblies.

But it's even true today that these men can come and tour American assemblies without even being checked on. We had a horrible case of that in recent years where a man came, purported to be from the assemblies in an oriental city and he wasn't at all.

As a matter of fact, he was living in Sim, in that city. But he came to this country and did very well financially. I think one of the worst cases I ever heard was a couple that came and took up graduate work here and were commended, commended by an American assembly to go back to their own country.

They're not indigenous. I don't understand that as being indigenous. They're supposed to be commended by an assembly in their own country. They went back with a Mercedes Benz car. In that particular country, I can't think of anything worse than a Mercedes Benz car.

You talk about separating them from the people. It would be horrible. And they went back with a guarantee of so many dollars a month. Four years later, they came back to the United States on their first furlough.

The Missionary as Expendable Trainer

Violations of indigenous principles. But I think the positive side is what a wonderful thing it is. To be used of God, one of the greatest appalling, to be used of God, to go into an area, to see people saved, to see them transformed by the grace of God, to see them gathered in New Testament assemblies and see them propagating the word of truth, see that assembly becoming a mother assembly and others being formed as a result of it.

This is God's program, I believe, for this day and forever. And it works in every country, every clime, every culture. It's God's way, and there's nothing better than God's way. Though I have no doubt this will stimulate some discussions and sparks and I don't mind that at all.

I'd just like to close with a quotation from Dr. Moffat, one of the great missionaries to Korea. He said, as a missionary, you have no right ever to expect to have the satisfaction of doing any job well.

Oh, I said, why not? Because he said it's your business, as soon as you can find a Korean who can do what you're doing, maybe not as well as you're doing it, but if he can do it at all, to put him in your place.

And you drop back and do something else. You're here to start a church, establish a church. It isn't your church, it's a Korean church. And they must take over just as quickly as possible. It's up to you, therefore, to retire whenever you have a chance and make yourself expendable, so that everything you started will be taken over by Korean Christians.

They may make mistakes, but they'll learn from them just as you did. I think that's thrilling. I think it's thrilling to look upon ourselves as being expendable. And one of the greatest joys in life is to be able to train other men, men and women, to take our places and see the work of God moving forward.

Prayer for the Ministry of the Saints

So we pray. Father, we just thank you for this time together tonight. We thank you for your word. Thank you for this great principle we find in the writings of the Apostle Paul, that the risen, ascended Lord Jesus gave gifts for building up the saints for the work of the ministry of the edifying of the body of Christ.

Father, we believe that we found divine principles here, and we pray that we might stick with them. In a day when so many are offering the clergy laity system as the panacea for all ill, even when it's creeping in among the assemblies in this country, and very strongly so, Father, we pray that you'll call us back to the word, and that we might have the joy of seeing this happening in a grander scale in our midst, both at home and abroad.

We would just come to you tonight, Lord, and lay ourselves at your feet and say, Lord, use us. Use us for your honor and for your glory. We ask it in Jesus' name and for his sake. Amen.