The Textual Criticism Series Rolls On

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Webcasting around the world from the desert metropolis of Phoenix, Arizona. This is the dividing line
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The Apostle Peter commanded Christians to be ready to give a defense for the hope that is within us Yet to give that answer with gentleness and reverence
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Our host is dr. James white director of Alpha Omega ministries and an elder at the Phoenix reformed
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Baptist Church This is a live program and we invite your participation. If you'd like to talk with dr.
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White call now It's 602 nine seven three four six zero two or toll -free across the
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United States. It's one eight seven seven seven five three three three four one And now with today's topic here is
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James white and welcome to the dividing line on a
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Tuesday Morning, I guess it is Whatever it is. We continue with our textual criticism seminar our textual criticism
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Introduction we there are a number of things we didn't get to last time that we sort of need to get to before we move into things if by the way you are listening live and you haven't looked at the
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At the website this morning then you need to get hold of it and You need to download the
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PDFs. And if you're on dial -up Probably not gonna work to try to listen to the program and download the
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PDFs the same time One of them's about I don't know two or three Meg. There's 12 Meg. So pull down those
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PDFs because they will provide you with What we're going to be looking at eventually over the course of this hour
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But not not right at the start because there are a few issues We still need to take a look at before we can get into actually looking at some textual variants and looking today at the
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UBS fourth text The first file the smaller the two files has the
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UBS fourth material in it and If you want to take a look at that and I suppose yes, if you're listening via archive
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And you want to get these things they are linked on today's date Which is well,
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I think it posted that post first ones last night 5th or 6th of November 2007 you can find them in the blog archives at that point and Grab them that way of November.
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I say November February February of 11 down here February 2007 six seven somewhere around there is where you'll find the links to the
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PDFs and Those will provide you with what we'll be looking at in the context of the program today.
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But before we get there didn't get a chance to finish up some of the Information that so we sort of need
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I Suppose you could get away without it, but Honestly, it's it's helpful if you have this this information available to you in the context of what?
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Especially what you read in the Internet today. There's just so much Stuff that floats around the
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Internet that I would say that in some ways You know last night as I was surfing around for high quality images of manuscripts and stuff that was really neat to find how much stuff is out there that that image
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I pulled down from the British Museum 12 megs just a Massive resolution and that's that's kind of stuff
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It's going to be available in a much more general format in the future that you'll you'll be able to utilize
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That was neat. But aside from those positive aspects The Internet has done has done more to confuse people about the subject textual criticism than it has done to help people
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That's because you know, I get people coming to channel all -time. Hey, I just I just read this on a website and is that true and Frequently what they're asking about is just plain silly.
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I mean, it's just it's just so far removed from reality I mean, well remember we have an example of this remember what happened when the
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Bree and call when Dave Hunt put out his own version of what love is this with the
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The first 15 chapters of Acts Hebrew original argument and when people started challenging them
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They they go surfing. They go googling through the internet until they find a cultic web page
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With something about Hebrew and Matthew and they're quoting from a cultic web page.
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They try to defend this whacked -out Thing that that slid into what love is this somewhere, you know
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Gives you an idea, you know people come in and and since churches don't talk about this
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And it seems most Christians don't think they could even ask their pastors about this and you know what? They're probably right
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Because I know my experience I was the only person and I minored in Greek in college
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I was the only person who really found textual criticism to be fascinating and interesting and and Pursued it and read about it and and read outside of class about it and stuff like that most folks are just like, you know, please, you know,
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I'm the last thing you want to be talking about something like this in church and So, you know, I understand why why people would be
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Pretty naive when it comes to any claims concerning the Bible and and things like that I heard somebody say that the whole
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New Testament was written in Aramaic. Yeah, it's exactly Paul's we do He's been writing to the Ephesians in Aramaic.
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Yeah, right, you know That's like I'm gonna I'm gonna be speaking at a church, you know in New York someplace
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And so I make my arrangements by writing to him in Italian. Yeah, that's brilliant It's just it's just a lot of dumb stuff floating around the internet and as long as it said with some
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With is on someone says it with confidence. Well, then it must be true So there's a lot of stuff out there and I understand that and that's why we sometimes have to discuss things it may be you know wouldn't technically be a part of normally the discussion anyways, but Because we live in the age we live in we have to talk about those things.
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For example, I mentioned last time that I have frequently been identified by King James only advocates as the high priest of the
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Alexandrian cult and Which just still makes me chuckle and if these folks didn't break up churches and ruin ministries the whole thing would be exceptionally laughable and and The fact that last week someone could do what they did with Ruckman denying the existence of Greece and putting out a map
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Demonstrates just how weird some of this stuff can actually actually become but When you talk about things like the
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Byzantine manuscript tradition the Alexandrian the Western the Caesarean And then you start talking about the texts that come from them.
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You start talking about the textus receptus You start talking about specific Manuscripts such as Codex Sinaiticus and Codex Alexandrinus and Codex Vaticanus and Vaticanus.
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Oh, no It's just I you know,
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I understand the you know, especially for fundamentalists for certain certain fundamentals
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Sorry, sorry But for certain the fundamentalist if a codex is found in the
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Vatican Library, it must be corrupted You know just so quick on the conspiracy theories the
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Vatican Library is huge. I Imagine all my books are in the Vatican. I bet you they have all of Peter Ruckman's books in the
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Vatican Library They've got in a comic section, but they've got in the Vatican Library. So does that does that somehow mean something?
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I mean the genetic fallacies and all the fallacies that people come up with on this stuff is just Enough to make the you know again
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It becomes rather humorous, but people take this stuff really really seriously and and just don't even think really clearly for example
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I Posted this morning and this of course for some people proves just how terrible and horrible I am.
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I posted this morning part of that Super high resolution and I had to cut the resolution down.
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I mean, it's 4 ,000 by 5 ,000 resolution on this one image A Graphic from Codex Sinaiticus so that this the indicated in For example, even if you're looking if you happen to have already opened up the
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UBS PDF on the first page if you look down at the textual variants start with 34 a
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If you go down the line, you will find a p75 and then you'll find the Hebrew letter
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Aleph In this case the one next to it that is the sign for Codex Sinaiticus and Sinaiticus is detested
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Detested not only by King James only advocates but by by others as well Because of the role that it's played in history, and I'll never forget when you hear someone
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Saying that Sinaiticus was found in a trash basket. You know, that person is not serious in what they're saying and Why do
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I say that? Well because it wasn't there's there's no evidence that it was Instead and I I've had to correct a number of people on this over the years.
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I remember in the at the same Meeting in st. Louis where I first saw what love is this from Dave Hunt?
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He was one of the plenary speakers I was one of the plenary speakers ironically speaking on the King James only issue and giving my presentation on that and We were at this restaurant having a dinner frequently
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They'll have a dinner for the for the speakers and you go into one little back room things and and everybody sits around talks
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And it was fascinating Conversation, but as we were leaving Somehow, I I don't remember how
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Codex Sinaiticus came up and Dave Hunt as he's standing up to leave goes. Yeah. Well, what do you expect for a manuscript found?
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a trash can and I in front of everybody said well, of course Sinaiticus was not found in a trash can that is a popular myth but it is just that it is a myth and he's a and But you hear people saying this all time and and myths in this area for some reason tend to take on a life of their own as long as you hear somebody you trust saying it then it absolutely must be true and You know
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Dave Hunt says this and then somebody hears Dave Hunt say that and since they trust what Dave Hunt said about the word Faith movement then they trust
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Dave Hunt about Codex Sinaiticus and so on and so forth In reality the story of the finding of Codex Sinaiticus is fascinating we need to realize that we can sit around in our in our the comfort of our homes and To see high -quality images these manuscripts, but that was not the case 150 160 years ago when
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Individuals primarily of British origin are traveling the world Searching for such manuscripts looking to where they can find these things to Find older and older manuscripts and the man who found
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Sinaiticus at least brought Sinaiticus to light It's hardly fair to say he found it. It's not like it was lost
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But brought it to Western attention, I guess would be the appropriately political way of saying it was a man by name of Count von
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Tischendorf Constantine von Tischendorf Constantine von Tischendorf obviously had the funding to be able to be gallivanting around the world looking for such things and when he
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First went to st. Catherine's Monastery on Mount Sinai He The story is told this is where that this by the way is where the trashcan story comes from okay?
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One day he sees the monk a monk walking by with a container What we might call a trash can but some sort of a basket and He is able to see
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As the man goes by and he's heading he's heading for the kitchen. He's going to burn these scraps in the ovens and He stops the man and and he recognizes by looking at what's in the in the basket
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That these are very very old manuscripts from the Greek Old Testament now to the monks
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These were just old unused Old Testaments to them. That's that's all it was
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I mean when you live amongst ancient stuff All the time is this well, you know remember books back then
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Had had ever like gone through The the let's say your your grandma your grandpa dies
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And you're going through their of their personal belongings or something like that and you find some of their old old books when you pick the book up pages fall out well
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That's always been a problem with books and especially in the books a thousand years old It's quite likely to have pages fall out and once enough pages fall out
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It's sort of like the hymn books. We have a pure BC in this Bible study group Sometimes turn to him 105.
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I don't have him 105. I think we'll have to look for another him here You know sometimes stuff falls out and once a few pages fall out.
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It's the usefulness of the book becomes greatly diminished always and So, you know, they weren't it's not like they were trying to destroy
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Massively important things and there was no conspiracies or stuff. They're just they're just stoking their fires, man
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I mean papyri burns. Well our leather burns. Well, especially with real old and dry and crusty. So anyway he he
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Asks if he can put yourself in the position of these monks. You got this foreigner, dude, you know and He freaks out about your trash cans
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Okay, if we if we had anybody doing that We wouldn't think a whole lot of this guy and he's saying look you can't burn this stuff
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This is this is valuable. So you've got some whacked -out guy from England going your trash is really valuable
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All right, so you understand why he's sort of sort of got the monks a little bit unhappy and the little bit confused and So he warned them don't burn any more of this stuff
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But because he got all excited about it they became shall we say somewhat less than cooperative in Showing him anything else.
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This isn't as I recall 1844 went off top my head here, but in 1844 and he doesn't get anything more, but he also has had his his interest whetted a good bit and So he goes back a number of years later doesn't find him finally 15 years later 1859
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He's back again, and he's been there for a while hasn't found anything and So the last night he's going to be there he
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Has had an edition of the Greek Septuagint the Greek translation the Old Testament published back in his homeland and and so to Say thanks to the steward who has been taking care of him and providing him with what he needs while he's staying there
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He gives him a copy of the Greek Septuagint that he has had published and the monk says oh
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I have one of these two and he takes him to his room and From his what we would call a closet he pulls out a very large book that is wrapped in red cloth
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It is not in a trash can It is he doesn't pull it out of a trash can next to his bed
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He pulls it out from his prized belongings wrapped in red cloth. Okay.
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Let's keep that one straight This is the the historical evidence okay, and He takes the red cloth off and von
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Tischendorf finds himself staring at What certainly in his day was the oldest existing biblical manuscript?
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Containing a large portion of the Old Testament all of the New Testament at that time. It was at least 1 ,500 years old and This time von
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Tischendorf is 15 years older and much wiser And instead of going wow
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Instead he's like oh Okay. Yeah, well, that's interesting. Hey, you mind if I take a look at that?
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And so he retires to his room for the evening and of course does not sleep at all Because he is simply
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Turning the pages of at that time the the oldest biblical manuscript known
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To anyone and of course the next day tries to buy it They won't do it the story of how it eventually ends up Today in the
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British Library when I wrote the King James only controversy was in the British Museum But it's been transferred since then and some of you may recall when
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I was there a couple years ago. I got to see both Sinaiticus and Alexandrus right next to each other at the
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British Library and So That story is is is a fascinating one and of course the reality is very different than the critics in regards to Sinaiticus, but People will vilify a manuscript just because it disagrees with what evidently they think the
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Bible should say which in of itself is should tell you a little something about the lack of a balance of many who address this particular subject and the
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Sad level of emotion that frequently takes over another term that you need to understand.
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Oh, by the way back up the truck now Sinaiticus Sinaiticus and Vaticanus probably especially when you look at them and compare them at one another they they do not have an identical text they disagree with one another a given the size they are that's not unusual for handwritten manuscripts, but two things they they seem to date from around the time of the
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Council of Nicaea 325 AD and As I mentioned we know that Constantine Used imperial money to fund the copying of a certain number about 50 copies of the
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Bible in light of the fact the Romans had been destroying scriptures for so long and A lot of folks think it certainly seems probable given the quality of the handwriting.
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There's a it's very consistent very consistent handwriting that these probably
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Sinaiticus and Vaticanus are probably both from that batch that printing if we could call it that of course remember these are handwritten of The Christian scriptures that were that were made at that particular time which would put them getting close to 1700 years of age at this point in time from 325 and So that gives you some indication of the of the value
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That these these texts would have just as far as their their age is concerned but the one the primary reason that they're hated is because they represent what's called the
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Alexandrian text type primarily and When the papyri were discovered the papyri are mentioned what papyrus was when when papyri started being discovered especially in 1930s
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The papyri demonstrate that the readings of those ancient manuscripts were they disagreed with the later
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Byzantine text are what are generally found the papyri as well and so the Alexandrian test text type is very ancient and has been proven to be ancient in in that particular fashion and So that's why they are they're detested now people say yeah, well there's there's all these corrections in them, too
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There's all these, you know multiple hands and if they were so good and why would there have to be multiple hands?
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well, think about it for just a second a an ecclesiastical text type developed over time a
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Text type that was that was familiar with the church. I mean we know this historically We know what happened with the Latin Vulgate.
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For example, Latin Vulgate translated the beginning of the fifth century for a thousand years It's the it's the text of the church and and it took on its own
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Form over time and anyone who would question the Latin Vulgate you were questioning the very
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Bible itself I mean, there's so many parallels between Vulgate only ism as you see in Roman Catholicism and King James only ism as you see it in Protestant churches today that it's not even funny
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But it it became the default text. Well, there was a default Greek text as well the Byzantine text type.
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So if you're looking at Sinaiticus you're looking at Vaticanus and these are texts that are are in use
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Not just burying the sand someplace, but they are in use for literally a millennia of time and They differ from the standard text that's developed outside then people are going to make emendations and It would certainly be like taking your
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New American Standard and trying to put notes in it to make it read like your New King James Okay, there's gonna be a lot of notes if you're gonna do that And so when people are there's all these changes it knows it that's because it's been used for a thousand years
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Let's see what your Bible looks like in a thousand years You know, there's a brother church has been using the same
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NIV hardback study Bible Which is unusual in our in our circles anyways for I don't know how many years we call it
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Codex Ricotonius Because it's it's been around so long Well, I didn't anywhere near a thousand years and so people forget about these rather basic little things
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In in making their attacks upon these particular manuscripts that you know, they're there
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No one's claiming that this is an exact copy of the original but at the same time these are extremely valuable sources and to dismiss them just because you have a
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Prejudice is not how you do textual critical studies, so Keeping those things in mind
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Codex Vaticanus, like I said, very similar to Sinaiticus and it's in the Vatican Library and you know, that's why everybody that doesn't mean absolutely anything whatsoever, but they are they're there and they are exceptionally important witnesses
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Vaticanus is B in the textual apparatuses as we look at it, so Another term we need to get to before we turn to the
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UBS text is the term textus receptus Textus receptus is a
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Latin term that was used in an advertising blurb in 1633 and yes, that does mean that people used to advertise in Latin If in case you're confused we did not see any
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Latin advertisements during the Super Bowl this year And I don't think they would have gone real real well
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Had they happened but in those days people even Widely read people regular people people who weren't necessarily scholars were often trained in Latin and so in 1633 there is a
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There is an advertisement By the Elsevier brothers for the edition of the Greek New Testament And they called it the textus receptus.
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Now. What is the textus receptus? well, no one really knows to be perfectly honest with you as much as you hear people talking about the
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TR as Much as you hear people defending the TR as much as you hear people trying to turn the
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TR into the Ecclesiastical text the received text of the church as if the church one day in Glorious plenary session all got together and said ah yes, this is the text of the church it never happened
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That's it's that's that's wishful thinking. It's it's woo -woo thinking, but it's it's not it's not historical thinking
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The textus receptus refers to a body of printed manuscripts all sharing particular
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Aspects of the readings in general in general
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What you have especially amongst fundamentalists Fundamentalist schools, especially King James only schools is you will have the little blue case bound
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Trinitarian Bible Society's edition of the New Testament, and that's what people think the textus receptus is the
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TR is I forgot to bring mine in today Yeah, I'll have a extra one sitting here next to me.
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Anyway. It's the blue case bound version of the of the New Testament doesn't have any textual variants listed and People say ah this is the
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TR. This is the received text. This is the text underlines underlies King James version of the Bible well
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Sorta but not quite and here's the problem if you want to try to locate inspiration in The TR and there are people who do there there people say this is
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God has preserved the TR Okay, which one? Art farstad
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Mentioned in the John Ankerberg series. We did there about a hundred and five versions of it and in reality
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What you need to recognize is what happened with the initial publication remember
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I told you what happened in the book of Revelation in the last few few verses the book of Revelation when Erasmus is rushing to put
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His text out well Erasmus puts five editions out and his five editions all disagreed with one another.
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He made changes in every one of them and so you got five editions of Erasmus and then in the 1550s
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Stephanus Puts out his text which as I said,
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I keep lobbying a certain good friend back in New York to put me in his will so I get his 1550s to find his text and Not that I would want him to pass away before me or anything or these that much older than I am
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But should something happen, you know, we wouldn't want that 1550s to find his text to fall in anybody else's hands Then Theodore Beza Calvin's successor at Geneva He puts out a text in 1598
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So basically the the fundamental materials that the King James translators have remember you don't have one translator
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You have a whole group of translators. They're working in different places. There's certain people doing the gospel certain people doing the the
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Pauline epistles and They're not going back to Handwritten manuscripts.
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They're basically using these editions of the New Testament The five editions of Erasmus Stephanus's text and Beza's text but there are differences between all of those two and so there has to be some textual critical study being done by the
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King James translators and so if you're one of those King James only folks and thinks that just by accepting the
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King James you can avoid all this messiness of making choices between readings you're
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You're totally naive All you're doing is closing your eyes and entrusting the decisions made by Desiderius Erasmus a
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Roman Catholic priest Stephanus a convert from Roman Catholicism Theodore Beza Calvin's successor
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Calvin's successor and in Geneva and then all those nasty
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Calvinist King James translators You're they still had to do textual critical
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Studies they had to make decisions between variant readings and even the King James translators Then had to make decisions between the printed editions that were available to them.
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And what most people don't understand is that that little blue case bound Greek New Testament that people are running around with is
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Not really a Greek text And you go What do you mean?
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It's not really a Greek text. What what do you mean? Of course, it's a Greek text It's a Greek New Testament But there is no manuscript in the world that reads like that text
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I've run into so many of these The TR is the preserved text people who think that by running around the
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Trinitarian Bible size text. They have The text chosen by the church. There was never a
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Greek manuscript written by man that reads like that and You go Well, then how did it come into existence
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Actually Scrivener came up with it Scrivener a
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Great scholar went back to the King James version of the Bible compared the
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Greek texts that they were using charted out which decisions the
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King James translators made based upon the differing texts that they had and Created the
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Greek text that's in that little blue case bound Texas receptus based upon the textual decisions made by the
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King James English translators So it's a Greek text based upon an English translation.
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Now, that's a historical fact. That's where it came from That doesn't stop folks from turning it into the final authority in all things
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But that's where it came up. Can you imagine if if I stood here in or sat here as I'm sitting here and I Decided that I was going to I came up with a text based upon a
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Dutch translation of Well, I've used this illustration for the
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Constitution United States originally written in English and So I come up with a
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I say we must use this version of the Constitution which actually is translated from a
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Dutch version of the Constitution and So it has differences from the English But that of the original writing, but I insist that we should base it on this
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Dutch translation I mean that's as silly as what King James only ism is really all about when it when it tries to make a defense of Itself these days, but people don't recognize that and most
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Americans are monolingual They don't know any other foreign languages any other foreign language. They don't know any foreign language at all
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It wouldn't be an other foreign language because if there's an other foreign language than English should be a foreign language, too Okay, anyway
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You know people buy into this stuff and go ah that makes sense to me because it can it can give us powerful preaching
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There's no questions here. And that's what I call trading truth or certainty trading truth or certainty
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That's that's when you decide you're just gonna make one text type. This is it I'm not going to I'm not gonna defend this
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I'm not going to provide you with any reasons for this but I've heard God speaking in this translation or these manuscripts and therefore they are the be all and end all of all things and You just you just go
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Well, you've just given up all basis for defending the Christian faith against attacks upon it because your choice is irrational
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And you cannot defend irrational choices. That's really all there is to it. So textus receptus
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Ask somebody who uses the phrase what is it? What what is the textus receptus are you talking about Erasmus is first second third fourth or fifth edition you're talking about Stephanos You're talking about Baza.
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Are you talking about Scrivener's? eclectic text where he goes back to the King James translators and uses their textual choices to create a
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Greek New Testament and Why should I feel that I am under any
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Obligation to consider these as originals at all. That's that's what I want to know All right with that said now we know something about Sinaiticus and Vaticanus and Alexandrinus and some of the great
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Texts there. We know what the TR is As I was looking at providing images now if you have your
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UBS 4th edition Greek New Testament Then I would obviously point you to the fact that the best way to get started using
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UBS 4th is to read the introduction I know for guys that's not how you're supposed to do it You're supposed to just open it up and her you know, go go for it
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But this in this case, it really is okay. In fact, it's manly to read the introduction
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Otherwise, you're gonna be completely lost and beginning on page six You have listed for you in the same information.
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We'll look at the Nessie Allen text later, but the same information is available there You will have for example the listing of the papyri.
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You have a little frac tour That's a very formal German script P with a superscript number next to it for example papyri one and the next column says contents e
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For evangelists that is Gospels. It's located in Philadelphia dates from the 3rd century
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That's very old. Obviously papyri to also has the Gospels Florence that comes from the 6th century.
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That's pretty late for for a papyri Manuscript but and then you can you can just go down through the list pages 7 through 9
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You have the 97 papyri listed where they are located the the date and of course dates
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Until you get into the miniscule period, you know, I have people actually putting dates on stuff So you don't necessarily know once you get in the miniscules will actually find specific years listed on some of the miniscules like on page 17 of the
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UBS 4th, you'll see for example miniscule 826 I'm sorry 2050 has the
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Book of Revelation is dated to 1107. We know exactly what date it was because they dated it but that's pretty unusual generally you have to Guess by orthography where it was found where their books was found with stuff like that anyway, you can look at the papyri here and You can see the listing and you can see what they contain and you can see that only a few contain
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Anything more than a particular section of Scripture? Most of them contain the Gospels P45 for example has the
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Gospels and Acts but remember that doesn't necessarily mean it has Matthew Mark Luke John and Acts in totality
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There are other listings in the Nestle on gives you more specific listings that point of exactly what they contain and You know, it'll tell you there's a lacuna a whole
34:20
Let's say these chapters are missing in Luke or these chapters are missing in John or something along those lines and that's normally not because they didn't originally contain those things, but because the book is old and stuff falls out of books and You know the rest their pages might exist someplace else and no one's ever made the connection between Between the two something like that, but there's your papyri manuscripts
34:44
Then next beginning beginning page 9 you have the unseals listed and I would have liked to have scanned all the stuff but it would have been huge, you know, it just would have contained a lot of material and So I only did the the two variants that we'll be looking at here in a little while but the the unseals begin on page 10 and they go for quite some time and They go all the way to page 16 before the minuscule start and remember we talked about the difference between unsealed text minuscule text
35:17
Most of these are written on vellum leather things like that And so for example, you have on page 10
35:23
Sinaiticus. It's its number is 0 1 It's contents EAPR, which would be the
35:30
Gospels Acts Paul Revelation found in London called Sinaiticus Dated to the 4th century which would be around the time of Council of Nicaea a
35:42
Alexandrinus manuscript number two also EAPR also found London that was sitting right next to Sinaiticus when
35:48
I saw it Dated to the 5th century. It's a little bit older. It has a has a slightly different text
35:54
Outside the Gospels than than the others and so it's dated a little bit older than that B Codex Vaticanus does not have notice notice something here
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If you look if you're looking at this on page 10 in the UBS 4th edition EAP No revelation in Vaticanus which may be why
36:12
Certain folks who don't want to be left behind don't like that But that's one of the other reasons.
36:19
Sorry, that's one of the reasons That I started gave you a little bit of an inside story a number of months ago about the role
36:28
I had in editing the Bethany house version of King of the cults was
36:34
I had caught a mistake on Walter Martin's part because he listed Vaticanus as having a certain reading in the book of Revelation Well Vaticanus doesn't contain revelation.
36:45
So you couldn't know what it's reading was if it ever had it in the first place There you have the listing of it and it goes down from there.
36:53
And of course there's a little bit more information provided in The appendices in the
37:00
Nessie Alan text. We'll look at later and this is where you might want to pick up You know
37:09
Certain elements Certain books at Amazon that go into more detail, you know
37:15
Metzger's put out some real nice books. That's That provides some pictures and background location special characteristics, they'll give you
37:26
There are certain manuals you can buy Kurt Ohlins, you know in English translations available in German as well
37:31
Of course, it's original language You can buy these books some are very expensive the Alland Text is about $100
37:39
But you can buy less expensive versions those that'll give you more of the background. I'll tell you something about the manuscript.
37:45
What what? textual affinities it has Some interesting aspects of it you can you can buy these types of books if you really want to get into looking at them and and Getting an idea.
37:59
I for example You have Bezos codex basic had a bridges which is
38:07
D Manuscript number five. It's got a lot of really weird readings in it.
38:13
I mean, it's so frequently off by itself It's a it's a
38:18
Greek and Latin manuscript and It it's way out there and the enemies of faith like that They love to cite that one because it's frequently way out there.
38:29
And so I have it in in transcription form In my library so you can sort of look stuff up if you have to stuff like that.
38:37
This this stuff is available Codex, Washingtonia is down there at the bottom that I was noticing just last night that the
38:44
Center for a study of New Testament manuscripts has Codex, Washingtonia is available and in image you can you can download images of that and take a look at it
38:52
Then after the the unseals which Once you dump using letters to represent them
39:02
Greek or Arabic letters you go to just numbers like 0 4 8 0 5 0 the unseals always start with a 0 at the beginning
39:09
And you'll notice those extend for quite some time to the miniscules begin on page 16 and those just have a number 1 6 13 2 30 23 44 and you notice there's a
39:20
Minimal listing of many miniscules and that's because there's so many of them now you're starting to get into the Byzantine manuscripts of you know, a thousand years and more beyond the time of Christ and therefore
39:32
You if you again you can buy listings of all of them, you can find out what all of them are But most of the time since they have very similar text types, they're just listed under the big
39:41
M Majority text or the BYZ on page 18. You're also given some information
39:48
You know, I think about I should have I should have scanned this one page Those of you don't have it. I apologize, but I'll mention these to you if you if you have let's do it this way
39:58
I don't want to leave anybody out here if you've opened the text UBS PDF and You will if you look at the primary
40:09
Variant you see the Greek text the Greek text ends with verse 38. This is this is
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Luke chapter 23 it ends with verse 38 then there's a line and then you have a small superscript 5 a bold 34 a
40:24
Parentheses a and then in English italics omit verse that is the first variant.
40:30
There are two variants listed on this page one variant verse 34 and One variant in verse 38 then there is another line and the material beneath that is a comparison of various printed texts and how they punctuate things and Then there's another line and then you have reference material down there basically cross reference material down below below that We are primarily concerned with the textual variant material
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In sort of the the middle of the page there bottom bottom third, I guess You can see if you go up to 34 in the
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Greek text you find the bold 34 You'll see two brackets a double bracket
41:16
Around a Greek phrase had a Jesus elegant pater office a toys
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Lugar Lugar wait us in the T. Poison, which is a very very very famous saying
41:32
That very very few people recognize is actually a major textual very that is the only place in the
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Gospels in the crucifixion account where it is said and Jesus said father forgive them for they know not what they do and That whole section is double bracketed and The UBS for is is saying that they give as a level a that That a in parentheses honestly doesn't mean a whole lot
42:12
It's the relative certainty of the committee on this subject but all those changed massively between the
42:20
UBS third and UBS fourth, so I I take those with a very large grain of salt.
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They're not overly relevant, but anyway The point is what they're telling you is that they believe that that this verse
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Should not be Taken as the original text that omitting the verse is the best reading and We will go through those things.
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We'll look at how to read that variant a little bit later on okay But what
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I'm wanting to do right now is as I go through What is found in the in the text pages 18 and 19?
42:59
I want to show you What I'm looking at by looking at this variant because it contains most of most of what we will see for example on the third line of the variant that begins with an a a
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CD L Delta Psi 0 to 5 0 then you have two
43:20
F's Italicized F's with a superscript 1 and a superscript 13 on Page 18 this is family 1 which is manuscripts 1 1 18 1 31 209 1582 and others
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Family 13 manuscripts 13 69 124 174 you'll see is a whole number of them 69 1709 etc etc
43:44
These are families of manuscripts that are cited as a group with one another and Due to the consistency of their reading they are clearly related to one another.
43:59
There's a clear genealogical connection between these particular manuscripts so they are listed as a group under one symbol family 1 family 13 and Since they don't tend to be a thoroughly
44:12
Byzantine in their in their text type. There's they're cited separately as You'll see them here in in the third third line then beneath that on page 18 again, we have the discussion of the
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Byzantine manuscripts and That is found on The Fourth line if you go one line below where we were the line starts at 1243
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After the number 1505 you see B Y Z capital B Y Z That is the
44:45
UBS way of indicating the Byzantine manuscripts The Unesion is going to use a frac tour
44:51
M majority text for the same thing But that is way of saying the body of Byzantine manuscripts now if you put a little
44:59
PT Superscript PT next to the Byzantine then it becomes part of the
45:04
Byzantine manuscript tradition because it's not absolutely homogenous There aren't there are differences between the
45:11
Byzantine manuscripts. This is their differences between the various textus recepti As well and sometimes especially in Revelation.
45:19
You've got the Byzantine manuscript Tradition splits a dozen different ways and so you have to have take a look at that Now the next one that they that they illustrate here is the asterix which indicates the original reading if you want to see the asterix look at the variants and Look at the first line in the first line after p75 you will have the
45:46
Hebrew letter Aleph right before the capital B and You'll notice there is a superscript one next to that But then drop one line down go to the end of the line and You'll see all if again and You go wait a minute
46:04
How can you cite a manuscript more than once? Because a manuscript might have more than one reading especially something like Sinaiticus Which as I explained about 20 minutes ago, so now was in use for a thousand years so changes were made and you can see where those changes were made and So the
46:21
Aleph at the end of the line of line number two Has an asterix next to it and then a period then a number two
46:32
This illustrates something that we see in a number if you a number of manuscripts if you go back up a line You can see a
46:39
D with an asterix next to it. That means original reading original reading
46:46
Then one will be the first corrector which frequently was almost indistinct indistinguishable from the original because especially after the time of persecution ended and scriptoriums come into use
47:00
Where you would have a person sitting up front reading and you have a whole group of scribes two three four ten
47:07
Copying what he's reading then you'd have a reader go through and check each one of those and So the first -hand correction might take place within minutes or hours of the original writing or It could be a hundred years later sometimes it's difficult to tell and Sometimes somebody will come along and correct the corrector sometimes taking it back to the original and that's what happens here the original reading of Sinaiticus includes
47:36
Verse 34 that phrase 34 a actually the first part of it Jesus is saying father forgive them for they know what they do.
47:44
It was there originally then the first hand struck it out and Then the second hand struck out the struck out
47:53
Struck out the strike out. Okay, let's put that way it reinsert it puts it back in. I have a
47:58
I have on Tischendorf's Version of Sinaiticus that he put out
48:05
And I was checking the there are some notes on that and Though they're in Latin there are notes provided that this was originally there then it was struck out and then it was restored you can you can see it right there in the text of The bound version of Sinaiticus that I have so that's what the when you see a manuscript and you see it asterisks
48:27
What that means is you're going to see that manuscript cited again a little bit later in such a way as to Give you variance within one manuscript so you can have variance between manuscripts and you can also have
48:45
Variance within a manuscript that's that's something to keep in mind as well.
48:52
And so If there is only one corrector of a manuscript, they'll just put a
48:58
C If there are multiple hands, they'll use one two, three, however many you need to use this you'll see on page 18
49:10
There are a number of other Sigla that are provided on pages 18 and 19 for example
49:20
The one thing that's very different and this is this is a big huge area right right here look back at At UBS PDF and You will notice that in looking at our variant verse 34
49:37
Starting about halfway through you have
49:42
Irenaeus Hippolytus origin Eusebius Eusebian canons pseudo -ignatius apostolic constitutions
49:51
Gregory of Nyssa Amphilochius Didymus Pseudo -Clementines Pseudo -Justin
49:57
Chrysostom Cyril Heskeus Theodoret Ambrosiastra Hillary Ambrose Jerome Augustine, etc, etc
50:06
You've got a bunch of guys names there. What's that all about? Well, one of the advantages of the
50:12
UBS text over the Nessie Allen text is a very full citation of early church fathers Now I mentioned this before but let me just mention it again
50:21
You have only two variants listed on this page in the UBS text the UBS text contains if I recall correctly less than 500 variants
50:31
But it gives it spends a lot of space giving you a lot of specific information about that variant the
50:38
Nessie Allen text Spends much less space on each variant Partly by using more symbols so you can sort of wrap stuff together makes a little bit harder to read
50:48
But also because it it Reproduces many many more variants than UBS as there will be times when
50:56
I remember For example Jehovah's Witnesses will try to throw out some variants to try to support the
51:02
New World Translation There are times if you if all you have is the UBS text it will not list the variant. It's not even there
51:09
But you go to the Nessie Allen text. It's there But sometimes Nessie Allen text doesn't have it
51:15
And so there have been other critical texts that have been produced primarily during the 1800s Tregellas von
51:20
Soden And you can take a look at them that Bible works has Tischendorf in it and they're going to be putting a new one in I think starting next month that's been being worked on a modern text and a lot of stuff is becoming available in a
51:36
Electronic form The the Tischendorf one will sometimes list variants that the that the
51:43
NA -27 doesn't So there are times I have to look at four or five critical texts before I finally find some information about a particular reading
51:53
Especially if it's just really rare There's only one or two manuscripts to contain it and the editors of these texts do not feel those manuscripts
52:00
Carry enough weight to make it relevant to make note of it Obviously they have to make a decision between how thick this thing is going to be
52:07
You know a thousand page book is just not going to be real easy to For people to carry around and so they have to make a choice
52:13
The UBS text is primarily designed for translators primarily designed for people that are translating the New Testament into other languages
52:19
You know Wycliffe type thing and so they want to only address the major variants that are going to impact
52:27
Translation and give you as much information as possible, but this leads us to another problem Aside from the fact the clock is going very very fast enough hardly even gotten going but you know what?
52:37
I haven't heard any complaints about anybody about how long it's gonna take us to do this series They just people just want to get to hear this stuff and and learn it and just go on from there
52:49
How do you know About these early church fathers, for example, look at the line that starts
52:59
Amphilochius the next word is Didymus Dub Which means dubious?
53:04
What does that mean well think about it you're now trying to cite
53:10
What someone put in their writings? Now, let me let me address maybe the pastors out there
53:21
Have you ever? paraphrased a text while preaching Have you ever paraphrased a text while writing?
53:30
how do we know when you're paraphrasing or when you're actually quoting and That of course is one of the major problems in the citation of The early church fathers because unless they're saying quote
53:43
Here it is How do you know when they're paraphrasing? how do you know when they're just giving you a portion especially when it comes to whether a word was or wasn't there or You know variants by various phones you can't tell from things like that and you'll also find
54:00
For example, look at the the line starts with ETH for Ethiopic goes down to Irenaeus lat
54:08
LAT that's the Latin version of Irenaeus which might differ from the Greek version of Irenaeus and There will be times you'll see
54:15
Augustine 3 slash 5 What does that mean? 3 out of 5 times he cites it he cites it this way and 2 out of 5 he cites it the other way
54:25
So you're sitting there going. Oh great Wonderful How do you decide on that?
54:32
And then here's the big issue And you want to go? Want to try to go?
54:38
Maybe five long the world come to an end if we went about five long We'll try to go about five long because I'd like to be able to try to get to the to the variant at least next
54:46
Time around so we don't make this too long. So we'll go a few minutes Long you killed the killed the killed music good.
54:52
All right Here's a problem remember what I told you about Lorenzo Valla remember the the
55:00
Italian guy who was reading the Commentaries of Jerome and He goes hey
55:12
When Jerome cites his home his own translation in his commentaries it differs from the version of the
55:19
Of the text that we have today and he came to conclusion since Jerome's commentaries aren't copied nearly as often as The Vulgate text itself that the changes had taken place in all that copying and so in the same way
55:38
When we're looking at the early church fathers, they're really In comparison to the amount of work that's been done
55:45
Critically on the New Testament text almost nothing has been done as far as the early church fathers are concerned
55:54
We don't really have a critical text of the early church fathers.
56:00
We just don't I mean, let's face it There's still there's still stuff Augustine wrote that's never appeared in English There's stuff that I mean origin had a scribe following him around 24 hours a day writing down everything
56:12
He said I don't know if everything origin wrote or said will ever be available in English Let alone
56:20
Would there be enough? Time or money or people with interest to produce a critical edition of the copies of the copies of these writings but when copying takes place the same kinds of changes can take place in Copying an early church father is in copying the
56:39
Latin Vulgate and if a Particular reading of a text is what's familiar to a scribe and he's quoting
56:45
Augustine. He's writing, you know He's copying an Augustine manuscript. It's gonna be very easy for him to change what
56:50
Augustine's quote was to what he's accustomed to but since there really isn't any critical edition of The early church fathers as a whole or any one individual, you know, maybe some of the really smaller
57:04
Primitive writings, you know the apostolic fathers. Yeah, you might you might be able to get through to something there but in general, you just don't have that kind of information available and so There's only so much weight that you can put upon these early church writings.
57:24
There's only so much weight that you can you can invest in them because Yeah, you know
57:30
We can tell looking at this for example, that's a Jerome and Augustine both cite the phrase and Jesus said father forgive them for they know not what they do.
57:41
So it's there Whether they did it in the context of continuing that verse or whether they quoted it just as a fragment into itself
57:49
The fact is they knew of it. Okay, so you're talking fifth century the end of the fourth beginning fifth century
57:57
You have this this testimony from that all right but how much weight do you give that just because Origin and his
58:07
Latin knew this isn't like that. How do we know now? Often overlooked because very few people have any knowledge of these languages
58:17
Are the foreign translations? If you look back at our our textual variant here if you look at the second line
58:27
You have IT That is not information technology
58:32
Though there are many people who who probably are sitting oh, that's me. No, sorry that that's that's
58:41
Somebody else. Sorry about that beginning on page Do to do the early versions page 22 of the
58:50
UBS text you have a discussion the early versions Let's think for just a moment again, I know we've already thrown a lot of stuff at you
59:00
But that's why we have it on archive. You can go back and listen to it again One of the massive differences between the
59:06
New Testament and say the Quran is the fact that Christians wanted to have their texts get out As quickly as possible and that means there are early translations of the
59:15
New Testament writings into other languages and Those are very important They are very important in in many ways but At the same time a foreign language translation can only tell you so much
59:32
If one of your variants is in word order in the Greek that would not even be reflected in the receptor language
59:37
Then the translation in another language that can't reflect the word order isn't going to be able to tell you much about your original question can it
59:46
And there are also a lot of questions about When these particular translations took place sometimes we can nail that down sometimes we can't
59:55
The first ones listed will be the Latin the old Latin version and the various Manuscripts of the
01:00:02
Latin and so from starting page 23 you have all these Listings so for example lat a
01:00:10
D in our variant Tells you which manuscript that is
01:00:16
What Edition it comes from it's the Eulachir Alland come the fourth century.
01:00:22
It's found in virtue at the Vercelli it contains the Gospels etc etc and then you have
01:00:27
D down below and D is going to be in Cambridge Scrivener worked on it and That comes from the fifth century all right and then next what you have the
01:00:38
Syriac and you can turn over to page 26 and You have the
01:00:43
Syriac the old Syriac you have the Pashita You have got the
01:00:49
Harkleness version all of the various types this one
01:00:56
Honestly if I'd had actually have to turn to Luke 23 34 her real quickly because the scan Isn't overly clear on my screen as to what that is 23
01:01:06
I'm gonna get there in a second 20 the to Luke you talk a lot 23 34 there it is
01:01:14
Okay, that's the s Syriac s Will be defined for you on page 26 as the
01:01:21
Sinaitic That's the Syriac translation Sinaitic version and so there's that version of Syriac then you have the
01:01:29
Coptic with essay is sahidic Boheric part so you see that COP essay
01:01:36
BOPT the PT is superscript of the BO That's the Coptic translation in the sahidic
01:01:41
Boheric, but only part of the Boheric so what that's actually telling you And you can fascinate your family for hours this stuff over Kentucky Fried Chicken really can't is
01:01:51
Did you know that only part of the Boheric manuscript translation trans? Tradition actually contains
01:01:58
Luke 23. They're only a part. I mean the part has and a part doesn't isn't that fascinating We just lost the entire audience at that that's a good point
01:02:08
Rich's riches a computer just demonstrated that we went from 80 to 10
01:02:16
At that particular point if I have to know something about the Coptic sahidic Boheric partial thing
01:02:22
I don't want to know anything about it So so that's what that's was there, but if you go down two lines
01:02:29
You will also see others you'll see much more of the Latin that that has the verse
01:02:35
The Vulgate more of the Syriac the Coptic there's the see notice whenever you have a
01:02:41
PT You should see that show up later in the variant which you do here Coptic Boheric part is listed for having it and not having it's supposed to you have the
01:02:50
Armenian the Ethiopian the Georgian the Slavic These are all defined for you in those previous portions and Dates general dates are given as to when they are they're found things like that and so That's what you're going to be running into so the next time we get together look at verse 34 and you will see the
01:03:14
The brackets placed around this we're going to be looking at that And then if you go to the next page if you go to page 2
01:03:22
Which for some reason in mine looks a whole lot cleaner than page 1. I'm not sure why it did that in PDF, but You will see that we're going to be looking at a variant at Acts 9 31 and in Acts 9 31
01:03:39
You see the letter letter the number 3 After the word ecclesia, which means church does not mean called out ones.
01:03:50
Sorry about that It means church and you go down to the bottom and you see 31 a and it gives you the variants
01:03:58
And then we'll look at how to Notice that there are multiple Variants at this point not just two readings
01:04:06
There are multiple variants at that particular point. We'll be able to work through the UBS text of that and then
01:04:12
I have provided you with the pages that give you those listings We just went through in the na 27 because Nessie Allen to make itself smaller uses more symbols
01:04:20
To try to get more information into a smaller smaller space in essence I've often said if you're carrying
01:04:26
Nessie on 27th edition, you are carrying an encyclopedia with you It's just nice and small and easy to handle and easy to stick on top of your
01:04:34
Bible and take to church on Sunday morning So with that We will wrap things up for the dividing line today
01:04:42
Thursday afternoon regular time we will continue on with we'll look at those two Variants the UBS will go through all of them all the various symbols what they mean how you make decisions based upon them then move on Into the
01:04:53
Nessie Allen text. We'll see you next time here on the dividing line. God bless We need
01:06:11
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01:06:20
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01:06:26
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