Dinosaur Trackways with Dr. Aaron Judkins

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00:02

Perfect. Well, I am Terry Kammerzell, and I'm here on behalf of Creation Fellowship Santee, and we're excited to start off another year of our

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Virtually There presentations. So, for those who are new to us, we've been meeting collectively for about one and a half decades, really, first 10, about 10 years in person at the

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Creation and Earth History Museum in Santee, California, and now for the last almost four years, we've been meeting online, and God has blessed us with lots and lots of speakers who have come and donated their time, and God's given us this opportunity to highlight their ministries and let them share what they've been studying and learning with so many people.

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So, you can find links to most of our past presentations by going to tinyurl .com

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forward slash cfs archives. While you're there, you can also click on the link for upcoming speakers to find out the other speakers that we have scheduled so far for 2024, and you'll see that we actually have a new platform.

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We have four different channels where we post our videos, and one of them is now Let's Church, so if you haven't heard of that, that's a great opportunity to watch

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Christian videos that you can watch ad -free, and the transcripts are fully searchable.

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So, you can also email us at creationfellowshipsantea at gmail .com, so you can get on our email list so you won't miss any of our upcoming speakers.

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Tonight, we're thrilled to have with us Dr. Aaron Judkins. Aaron is known as the

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Maverick archaeologist and has authored several books, including his most recent,

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Guardians of Gobekli. I hope I pronounced that correctly. He was also one of the explorers featured in the 2015 documentary

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Finding Noah. Aaron is credited with mapping the longest contiguous dinosaur trackway in the western hemisphere near Glen Rose, Texas, and he has discovered a new dinosaur trail in the

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River named the Judkins Trail. So, he's here with us tonight to speak about the dinosaur trackways.

02:25

Hi, thanks for having me on. It's an honor and privilege to be a guest speaker for 2024, so give me just a second.

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I'll share my screen and we'll get started. Should be it right there, and let me just go.

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I think if you hit the go, yeah, there you go. All right, yeah, so we'll just start off with a little fun cartoon here.

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It doesn't mean a thing, but this is going to drive me crazy a thousand years from now. I think that's cute because a lot of times in archaeology, you try to find clues to the past, right?

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So, any little thing that can fill in the gap of information, that's what we look for as an archaeologist.

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So, to me, that's why the study of the past, whether it be ancient civilizations or, in this case, we're going to talk about paleontology tonight, which is part of God's creation and the dinosaurs.

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And so, this is a clue to the past, which is basically kind of fills in some information of what happened during the time of the

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Great Deluge, what Genesis records as Noah's flood. So, we're going to zoom in to the great state of Texas, and right here in Glen Rose.

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Now, this is where I live. I'll just give you a little background. This is my home for about 30 years now, and I came to Glen Rose, and I volunteered when

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I first moved here at the Creation Evidence Museum, and it was founded and directed by Dr.

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Carl Ball, who's still the director there today. And so, because of my love for history and archaeology and all things ancient,

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I said, hey, where's the broom? I just, you know, give me something to do. I'll, you know,

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I'll do whatever. And so, I just began to volunteer my time just simply because I loved museums, but I had never heard of anything called

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Creation Evidence Museum. Now, this was very intriguing because my first visit to the museum was just as a visitor.

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Well, I hadn't even moved to Glen Rose, and so I got introduced to the evidence for creation, and it really blew my mind.

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We were talking earlier, Nate and I were discussing right before we went on tonight about that, and for me, even though I was a

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Christian, and I had been a Christian most of my life, I got saved when I was young, I was raised in church all my life, but I could never reconcile creation, the creation account in Genesis, with what

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I was being taught in school, and that was through an evolutionary process of what

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I call ponds come to Einstein, right? So, it's this, you know, long periods of time that basically tells a story of we came from nothing, we have no hope, we have no future, and we're just, we can just do whatever, and then we die and go back to the worms.

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That's basically the story of evolution. It has zero hope in that story, and you're the master, basically, of your own destiny.

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There's nothing that you have to be accountable to. This all came out of nothing, you know, and so for me, being raised a

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Christian, I could never reconcile this contrasting view of life origins. So, this was the first time

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I got really introduced to the evidence for creation, because it surpassed what

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I believed in. I believed in the Genesis account, I believed in the Bible, I believed that Jesus died for me on the cross, and I believed the salvation message, but for the first time,

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I got evidence for my faith, and it just blew my mind.

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And so, this all came out of this little museum in Glen Rose, Texas, called the Creation Evidence Museum, and it's right next to Dinosaur Valley State Park.

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Now, about two summers ago, you probably heard on the news, it went national and international, the dinosaur tracks that was discovered in Glen Rose.

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This is part of the work that I've also been involved in over the years, and so we're going to talk about that tonight, specifically these dinosaur tracks and the record of the paleontology of these trace fossil footprints that got left behind.

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We're going to zoom in to Dinosaur Valley State Park, and I'm going to show you some of this evidence and how it impacted me and the implications for our faith and what it means.

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This is right near Dinosaur World here. You can see these great bird of serapods as they're walking through the park here.

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This is actually not part of the park, it's next to the park, but it's a wonderful display of these dinosaurs, their life size, and the young kids can kind of walk through this area, and it gives them a great sense of scale of what these dinosaurs perhaps look like.

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It's fun. We have, I think since 1997, Glen Rose has been recognized as the dinosaur capital of Texas, so we have a lot of interesting history here in Glen Rose.

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The picture that you see now is part of Roland T. Byrd, he was a paleontologist and he worked for Barnum Brown, and Roland T.

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Byrd was really the first person to really recognize what these footprints were in Glen Rose.

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Now going back to probably 19, I think 1901, there was a flash flood, or maybe it was 1903,

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I can't remember now, but it was in the early 1900s, there was a flash flood. Glen Rose is located in the second smallest county in the state of Texas.

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Back in the 30s, this was one of the poorest counties in Texas.

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This is, of course, during the Great Depression, and there was just farming and ranching, but mainly ranching, but people were really struggling.

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Back in the early 1900s, this flash flood came up on the

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Paluxy River, and we're going to talk about some of these limestone layers, but it's a limestone bottom, and so it peeled up some of these layers.

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Well, these tracks appeared, and these local farmers didn't really know what it was, and so they thought they were giant turkey tracks.

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And so it's Roland T. Byrd who basically came in the 30s, in the late 30s,

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I think 1938 or so, but it was one of the local math teachers here in Glen Rose.

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There was a childhood resident that went to school.

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His name was Charlie Moss, and Charlie Moss was credited with finding one of the first dinosaur tracks here in the county.

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Basically, he skipped school was what happened. He skipped school, went down to the river to play, and he found these tracks.

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When he went back to school, he told his math teacher, and his math teacher recognized these tracks as probably dinosaur.

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Now, nobody knew what a dinosaur really was back in these days, except for the paleontologist. So Roland T.

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Byrd was in New Mexico and got wind of this, so he basically detoured over to Glen Rose and realized that this was some of the best tracks that he had ever seen.

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So basically, he came and they began to clean the bottom of the river.

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Now, you can see these tracks here. These are big sauropod tracks. Now, I'm going to tell you what a sauropod is in the next slides, but you can see these trackways that they're beginning to cut out.

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Now, this is before Dinosaur Valley State Park was a state park. It didn't become a state park until like 1968 or 1969, somewhere in there.

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So they're just cutting out these slabs, and so this is what they were doing.

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So they basically, because of this work, now this is a picture from the 40s.

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This really put Glen Rose on the map, and I remember interviewing when

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I first came and I got interested in the excavations and actually doing first -hand excavations here along the banks of the

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Pluxy. Some of these old -timers were still alive that lived here locally. The McFalls, Novella Wilson, some others that I actually interviewed and got to know, and Mrs.

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Wilson. Now, they're all passed away now, but she told me she actually photographed some of the first sauropod tracks that you're seeing here, and she knew

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Roland T. Bird, and I said, well, you know, did you go down there? She said it wasn't proper for a lady to watch the men work, so we got to go down there and bring them lunch, and then we would go back at the end of the day, and then we'd bring them water at lunch and things, but we'd go back at the end of the day.

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So she took some of these photos, but this actually made the cover of National Geographic back in May 1954, and you see at the bottom there, it says, we captured a live brontosaur by Roland T.

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Bird. Now, a brontosaur was actually an incorrect term that they now discovered is wrong.

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Brontosaur never actually existed. It's probably an apatosaur, but for those who may be familiar with the term brontosaur, this is an old terminology they used to use.

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It's because they put the wrong head on the wrong body of the dinosaur, and they realized it wasn't correct, and so now we know that that's different.

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So the terminology brontosaur is not actually in use now. What happened to those tracks that Roland T.

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Bird took out? These tracks are now, at least this particular trackway, is now on display at the

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American Natural History Museum in New York, and this is the photo that's in the history museum in New York now.

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So you see this big sauropod walking through, big long neck, long tail, big round feet, and next to it, you'll see these sauropod three -toed tracks that are right next to it.

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These are some of the best preserved dinosaur tracks in the world, and they're right here in Glen Rose.

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Now the geology here in Glen Rose is quite fascinating. We're only not even a thousand feet above sea level here.

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We have multiple layers of these limestone layers here. Now this is kind of a softer limestone right in here.

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You can see some of these have fossils in them. They're soft clay limestone, and they get to a little bit of a harder limestone layer underneath, but there's billions of clams.

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One thing that Glen Rose is known for is the billions of clams that are embedded here in the fossil layers, and these clams are anywhere from the size of your fingernail to as big as your hand or even bigger.

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There are all kinds of different fossils here. They're index fossils, but these clams were essentially buried alive.

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If you think of a clam today, when it dies, the little muscle relaxes and the bivalve pops open.

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Then the birds come and scavenge it, and it kind of gets disarticulated. These clams were buried alive.

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They were buried under pressure with a lot of sediment, so they were buried in a closed position. They didn't have time to pop open when that muscle relaxed.

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They didn't have time to do that, so this is a very clear indication of rapid burial.

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But we're going to move on to the dinosaur tracks, and right underneath these layers here are the dinosaur tracks.

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Now this picture is actually located in the park. This is actually underwater, but you can clearly see these dinosaur tracks on these layers here.

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These are theropod three -toed dinosaur tracks, and there's thousands of these tracks, and we'll talk a little bit about that.

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This is Acrocanthosaurus. This is one of the dinosaurs here in Glen Rose. It means high -spine lizard.

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It looks like a T. rex almost, but it's quite not. You see this high kind of frill, dermal frill going down its back.

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This is the high -spine lizard that the name indicates. It's a theropod, which means three toes, and very similar to a

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T. rex. This is what is walking around here in these layers in Glen Rose. This is another picture, an artist's rendition of probably what we think an

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Acrocanthosaurus would have looked like as it was alive. Pretty interesting. If you ever get over to the

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Fort Worth Museum in Fort Worth, Texas, they have a big model out in front. It's pretty neat. It's rarer than a

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T. rex, actually. I think only three specimens of these have ever been found.

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I think two of them have been in Oklahoma. One was actually here in Glen Rose in the late 80s.

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We've got part of the remains that are still in field jackets, but only,

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I think, two complete skeletons have ever been found. They're rarer than a T. rex, actually.

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They're quite interesting creatures here. The other big theropod that I was telling you about was this creature.

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Now, this has been renamed here. Initially, they named it Ploxysaurus jonesi, Ploxysaurus being from the river

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Ploxy here locally, but they've renamed it Cereposidon batellus is the new name for this.

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I'm not really sure why they renamed it, but that's the new technical name for it, but it's the big long neck dinosaur.

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Now, you may be familiar with the Glen Rose history and the Ploxy River dinosaur controversy.

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This is basically a book that came out many years ago by Dr. Clifford Wilson about the dinosaurs and human fossil footprints here found in Glen Rose.

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We're not going to talk about that tonight, but there is a lot of history here on the banks of the

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Ploxy River. It's been, I think, one of the front lines of the battle of creation and evolution, certainly with these dinosaur tracks.

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This is Joe Taylor and I, I think back in 1999, and we were excavating the bottom of the river here.

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This is a 60 foot long mold of the Taylor Trail that we had molded in that year.

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So, that's a look at Joe and I. As some of you know, Joe Taylor passed away this past spring, past spring in 2023, and he was the director of the

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Mount Blanco Fossil Museum. So, that's Joe and I there. And of course,

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Joe and I here in Montana as we're excavating a dinosaur triceratops called

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Big John. And so, that's, I think that's back in 2006 there at the site.

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So, I've been involved in this type of research for many years.

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This is me on the river actually taking some field notes that we're going to look at tonight.

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Back in 2000, we had a severe drought here locally.

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It was, I think, 84 consecutive days without rain here in 2000.

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And I can't remember how many days we broke over triple digits on the temperature scale, on the heat index as well.

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We were matching temperatures, I think, from Tucson, Arizona that year, like around 115 or so.

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And that was just a brutal summer. But because the river has got a limestone bottom, all the water, you know, basically evaporated out of the river.

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And so, we had seen this particular trail here. Now, you're looking at the middle of the river here, just outside of the state park.

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And we knew about this site because it intersects the back of the Taylor Trail. Now, the Taylor Trail, I just mentioned earlier that it basically intersects with this trail, but we didn't know about this trail.

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We knew of it from a man back in the 70s who researched this area.

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His name was Mike Turnage. And so, we knew about some of his field notes. He counted some of these tracks, but he was wading in water that was about waist high in the 1970s.

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No one had ever seen it exposed like this up until the year 2000. And so,

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I took the initiative to try to catalog every one of these, at least the main trail here that you see.

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And so, this was approaching early October of the year 2000.

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And so, one of the things I really wanted to do was to map these trails.

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I knew this was a long trail, but I didn't really know how long it was. This is another close look.

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Now, this is actually taken on actual film back when I was actually had a film camera. And you can see how deep these tracks are.

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This is the same trail that we were just looking at. This is a theropod acrocanthosaurus that's walking right up the center of the river.

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And this particular dinosaur is walking upriver.

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And so, you can see these tracks here. And it almost looks like a moonscape a little bit, but it's a very unique trail.

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And so, I began to do a lot of research on this over the remaining time because we had rain forecasted.

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And, you know, I was trying to get this trail mapped so we didn't lose the information.

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This is an intersecting trail, what is now called the turnage trail. And this is an intersecting trail that basically cuts diagonally across.

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This trail is basically coming towards you as you look at the photo. This particular trail, we'll see it on the map later, but we'll talk about that here in a minute.

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But there's all kinds of intersecting trails in this area. This is some of the close -up of the tracks.

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Now, this is the very end of the photo you just saw. This is the very last two tracks. And you can see the claw marks still on both of these tracks.

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The claw recordings are just beautiful on this. We're going to see here in a minute why this is important, but absolutely these tracks are world -renowned.

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They're one -of -a -kind. And they just started to emerge very clearly in that drought of 2000.

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So, these are from that time frame. Here you can see some of the tracks are not depressed, like the ones that we just saw means that they were sunk down in the mud.

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These are actually raised. I can show you the highlight here of those tracks.

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They're in a raised position. And you might ask, how are they raised? How come they're not sunk down in the mud?

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Well, they appear raised because the surrounding matrix around the tracks actually have eroded away.

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It's softer material. For some reason, the tracks were probably compressed harder with mud. And so, over some time, that area eroded around the tracks, and it appeared to make it raised.

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So, that's what you're seeing there. I call it the

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National Geographic shot. This didn't make National Geographic, but this is the National Geographic shot that we got when we cleaned this trail right towards the end.

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And you can see we had a guy down there with a red arrow.

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That is at 136 tracks. Now, this is back in the year 2000. 136 tracks from the very first track you see in the foreground, which is interesting how we got to this photo because we just took a single rung ladder, and we tied ropes to it.

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And we had people on both sides holding that ladder while someone climbed up to the top and got this shot.

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This is before drones and the things that we have now. So, we were trying to get the best aerial view that we could.

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And you can see we took the guy back further at the end of the trackway before it went around the corner.

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This still goes around the corner, but you can see at the end of that corner right where this guy is standing, it just gives you a perspective on how far back this thing goes.

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And so, this is right up the river. And if you see in the foreground, right near the bottom, you can see these empirical water ripple marks.

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These are fossilized ripple marks that are embedded into the limestone. And this is basically water that has rippled over the surface of the limestone before it set into Azerok.

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It was all clay. Well, it wasn't clay. It was all limestone mud. And so, as this petrified and hardened in position, this actually recorded these little ripple marks in the limestone.

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So, it's called empirical water markings. And this is a very clear indication of a sedimentary rock.

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In this case, this is limestone that was laid down underwater. Now, we're looking at these tracks because these tracks gives us indications of these different creatures.

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Now, not all these creatures are in Glenrose here. They're theropods, aceropods. But this is an example of behavior of these animals as they walk in the substrates, how they left their footprints.

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And those footprints, it gives us this information, right? And so, you can see how these footprints are left behind.

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And we can study these trace fossil footprints. It's a branch of science called agnology.

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It's from the Greek agnos. It means trace or trace fossil footprints. And so, they're an important indicator of understanding the sedimentary rock and the phases of accumulation, the deposits formed into rock lithification, overburden forces.

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They're known as geostatic. And so, we have a lot of information that we can get just from looking at geology, the study of the rocks, and this branch of science called agnology, which is the study of trace fossil footprints.

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We have similar megatrack sites in Colorado and New Mexico that's very similar to the megazone carbonate deposits here in Glenrose.

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Now, there's one deposit or one trackway in Colorado that's actually longer, but it doesn't qualify as the longest contiguous because it's broken up into three different sections.

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So, it's not contiguous. It's not continuous. It's contiguous. So, the contiguous part of it is what gives it its basically the record for being the longest trackway that's unbroken.

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So, now, this particular trail in Glenrose has an erosion after about 136 tracks.

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We lose it for some period of distance, and then we pick up the trail again.

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And so, overall, it's about 500 feet long. But the contiguous part of it is the one that counts.

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Overall, it is the longest dinosaur trackway, even beating the record for the one in Colorado.

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So, this is a record of these animals that are theropod. They're bipedal, which means they walk on two feet, with the exception of the sauropods.

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They're quadrupedal. Sauropod means reptile foot.

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And then we have a third different type of dinosaur that's called ornithopod.

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Now, you're not going to see the pictures in here. They are a theropod track, but they're just a little bit different.

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They have a little bit more of a rounded heel, whereas acrocanthosaurs has more kind of a pointed heel towards the back.

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So, these are the three main sets of dinosaurs that we have. Now, in 2011, we had another drought, which exposed the river again, which makes it great for track research.

30:08

Just go down there and walk the river for miles, and you're walking in stuff like this. It's just the bottom of the river.

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And so, it makes it great for this type of research. Last year, 2021, or sorry, it'd be 2022 and 2023, we had some pretty severe hot summers here.

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I think we broke another record in 2022, but the river dried up again.

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And so, we got down there. Now, this is my son Tannin. We got down and started doing some more of this research and basically got back to the particular trail, the

30:56

Turnage Trail that I'm talking about, so we can study it more. So, you can see how dry this gets.

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It's terrible for everything else, but it's great for this type of research. This is actually at one of the sites in the state park.

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You can see these dinosaur tracks. This is really some well -preserved tracks here at this particular site.

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You can see the claw markings. You can see how deep they are, but right in the center of this picture is some kind of a drag mark.

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Now, it's not a dinosaur tail drag mark. It's probably a branch or something, but you can see it kind of dragged right across here.

31:38

It left a trench. That's right into the rock. It's very interesting. Here along the limestone layers here, you can see these trails and how they proceed.

31:49

Now, these tracks were, I think in the summer of 2022, these tracks went viral again, mainly because some of the newer employees at the state park wasn't aware that this particular trackway was here on the side of the river.

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Now, back in 2011, I don't think the state park owned this much on the bank side to the right of this photo.

32:24

They didn't really own any of that property. It wasn't state park property. It was private property.

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This property was then donated to the state park. They acquired more property, which extended upriver.

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Back in last year and the year before in the summer, they saw these tracks.

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To them, it was new. They announced it.

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It went viral. It made international news. I was getting calls like crazy. It's fabulous because we had hundreds of people coming into Glen Rose.

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They had to shut down the park. You couldn't get in the park. It was awesome. I'll tell you a little bit more about that.

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I'm going to show you just a little video here. Yeah, so you can see the people in that shot.

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I think that one

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Sunday went down there. There was probably 500 people down there. I got to talk to a lot of people.

34:09

It was great. You can see a lot of these photos here of these tracks.

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This is my boot next to one. It has a little bit of water, but we kind of put some water back in it and just kind of cleaned it up.

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You can see the coloration just pop out of the rock and really contrast it with the tracks here.

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It's quite interesting. Here's a different one. It's all in the same layer, but you can see how different they are in a lot of cases, how deep they are.

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This is Acrocanthosaurus here as it's walking. Okay, here is these big serrapod tracks.

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You can see in the foreground here and then it's going into the bank. You can see a right, left, and a right, and another left at the very end of the photo.

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This is actually a baby serrapod. This is one of the most unique footprint sites that I think we've ever discovered because of this drought.

35:12

We knew about the large adults. This is the first time we've seen an actual juvenile serrapod tracks in the same layer.

35:21

It's remarkable, these dinosaur tracks. There's another one right there. They're quite fascinating.

35:30

This is my son when he was probably about four, but he's sitting in one of these big serrapod tracks in some water.

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You can just see how a kid could get in there and play in a puddle.

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These are really large tracks. I think this particular track can hold 15 gallons or 20 gallons of water easy.

35:55

This past summer, these are tracks. I call this a trample site because they're just going every which way.

36:04

They're really interesting. This is one of the tracks going upriver. This is some water that had just got stale and set in these tracks and algae kind of formed in there and created this kind of green moss.

36:17

It really kind of made a cool contrast with this in the track. I got a picture of it here.

36:24

This is a baby serrapod track. This is about the size of your hand. It really changes the information that we know of about did the young juveniles follow the adults around?

36:38

The answer is yes. Some of the textbooks early on said, no, that didn't happen. They kind of went their own way after birth.

36:45

This indicates that they did not. They actually followed at least the adults for some time.

36:53

This is an interesting one. When you look at this particular track, you think it's a six -toed track, some kind of big, weird dinosaur creature that's got six toes.

37:05

This is actually two tracks together, one to the left and then one to the right.

37:12

They step very close together. It looks like one track, but it's actually two. That's pretty cool. This is part of some of the things that we get to see what's going on down there.

37:24

A lot of it is just getting in there, cleaning these tracks out, and getting all the debris off so we can actually see what's there and how they look.

37:36

This is one of the deeper ones. You can see how it kind of slid down into the mud on the hill.

37:45

Some really, really fascinating tracks here on the plexi.

37:51

You see in the foreground here those fossilized ripple marks. There's me next to one of the tracks.

38:00

This is an infilling where the mud's kind of collapsing on the toes. You can kind of see there, and that's why they're not as prominent.

38:08

We're going to go through some of these pictures here so you can just get a scale of what's going on down there.

38:16

Here's two tracks that are kind of facing each other, filled with some water.

38:23

Let's back up. This is an aerial shot beginning at the very front of the trail.

38:30

As I recorded on the video earlier, I was to the left of the tent towards the back.

38:42

That's where we're going to be. We'll be looking at the middle section here. You can see the tent more over to the left side of the screen.

38:50

The intersecting trailway right in the middle is the one we looked at earlier. Then this is the very end of the trail as that man was standing at the back around the corner.

39:01

You can see in the right -hand side as that trail turns and goes actually into the bank.

39:07

It goes out of a bank, up the river, and into another bank. We don't even know how long it is.

39:13

It's incredible. This is one of the tracks that I'm looking at in the middle of the river here.

39:22

This is another baby theropod track, about the size of your hand here. Here's one, actually two that are raised.

39:31

They're side by side, but they're kind of popped out and raised. I was talking about that earlier. These are some really nice examples of those dinosaur tracks.

39:42

This is kind of a scale of the tracks down as you're standing on the river.

39:48

Now, we talked about agnology and what that means. It's a study of trace fossil footprints.

39:55

We can learn some information about this. It can give us an indication on behavior, how big these animals were.

40:06

One of the things that you can do is measure the length of the fossil footprint. That gives us some information about how tall they were.

40:13

The other thing we can do is we can measure stride and we can measure pace angulation. You can see some examples of a stride would be, in this case, a left -right -left.

40:24

Then you take the distance between those three tracks, that is the stride. Then the pace angulation is the degree of angle in between that stride.

40:35

There's a lot of math in there to calculate that formula. I'll show you some of the math that I did on this.

40:43

You can see a little bit closer here the stride length. SL is for stride length. TL is for track length.

40:49

This is some of the science that we do. One of the things that we can do is we can measure the footprint length to see possibly how tall this dinosaur was.

41:00

In this particular case, a conservative estimate is you take the length of the footprint, multiply it times four.

41:08

Then that can give you the footprint length.

41:13

The other thing you can do is you take the animal length.

41:20

You multiply that times 10 for the footprint length, multiply it times 10 to get how long the animal was.

41:26

These are just estimates. Here's some examples of some of the tracks here that's been recorded in other sites and how they would look.

41:37

We have a big sauropod on the left. We have some theropods over on the right. This gives us an indication of how long they were and how tall they were.

41:47

We get the footprint length. You multiply it times four. That gives us an estimated height at the hip.

41:54

That only gives you the height of the hip. Then you got to multiply that times two to get up to the head. You divide it by 12 to get it into feet.

42:05

That gives you an estimated height. This is some of the math that I did on the turnage on that long dinosaur trail that made the big news a couple of years, summers ago and last summer.

42:18

This is some of the math involved here. What you're seeing here is the stride length and the pace angulation that are calculated out.

42:27

Then at the very bottom is a speed calculation that you do to plug in all the numbers.

42:34

You plug in all these numbers. This particular trail was calculated at 3 .4

42:42

miles per hour, which is pretty much a meandering gait. It's just a simple walking gait. I forgot how lengthy that math was.

42:53

It took me a little bit to get back and figure it out. This is my original notes from October 2000 of what the notes look like when you're recording these tracks.

43:03

This is all gridded to scale. Everyone had a length, a depth, orientation.

43:13

All the information got recorded. Pace angulation, stride, etc. This all got recorded back in the year 2000.

43:24

These are some of the original notes here that you see. All the work went into this.

43:37

This gets a little boring, so I'll just skip ahead here. Recording the data is what you want, either through the math.

43:50

This is for the Jenkins Trail here, which gives us a different pace angulation of about 164 degrees.

43:58

180 degrees would be a straight line. If you put one foot in front of the other, this is at about 164 degrees.

44:06

So pretty interesting. Also the speed calculation at the bottom here. This is how the tracks actually mapped out.

44:13

If you could look at it from an aerial view, like we saw on the map earlier with the photos, this is kind of how the data points look when you put all that together.

44:23

One thing that we did learn is from 23 years ago that this area of erosion that you see in where there's actually a blank spot in the grid is where the erosion happened.

44:38

I think there was about 60 foot of erosion between where it stops and where it picks up.

44:44

That was 23 years ago. What we learned now, two years ago, is that actually there's about 100 feet of erosion now.

44:52

So we lost several tracks in that 23 years. So this is why the data is important. This is all how it looks according to the actual scale and how you can see it.

45:05

So I put all this in and this is actually what it looks like.

45:10

This is, of course, 23 years old. Now this, I said 60 feet, this is 56 feet.

45:16

Now it's probably more like 100 feet is what we learn now. So this is all the stats on both of those trackways.

45:25

The one that's called the Judkins Trail, someone said, why would you name a trail after yourself? I didn't name it after myself.

45:31

It was named in honor of me for the work that I did on the track 23 years ago.

45:39

The Dinosaur Valley State Park has actually renamed this site now because they didn't know and to them this was all new two years ago.

45:47

So you'll hear it called the Lone Ranger Trail. This is what they dubbed it two years ago, the

45:54

Lone Ranger Trail. They don't know it as the Turnage Trail. This is the name I gave it in honor of Mike Turnage.

46:01

I met with the state park officials several times and gave them all the data, the map, everything to turn it into the state.

46:10

I don't know if they've done that or not. I take it on good faith that they have, but I'm not sure that they did.

46:19

They didn't change the name, but it's a cool name, the Lone Ranger Trail, and I like it.

46:25

Some other facts of, and then we're nearing the end here, but these dinosaur tracks are 60, 65 million years old.

46:33

Now remember, this is Cretaceous, not Jurassic. This is Cretaceous. So in the limestone layers here at Glen Rose, they put it at 110 or 115 million years old, roughly somewhere in there.

46:49

These tracks are still visible. We saw the claw recordings. We saw details in these tracks, but at the erosion rate of a thousandth of an inch in 1 ,000 years, even over 60 million years, you got five feet of erosion.

47:05

There is no way these dinosaur tracks are still going to be there after millions of years. This is why it's important in what we call creation apologetics.

47:15

This is one of the evidences, and evidential apologetics, if you will, the evidences that this is not millions of years old.

47:24

This is recent. When I say recent, it's probably within thousands of years. It fits the biblical timeframe of the

47:31

Noahic deluge, which we estimate probably around 4 ,500 years ago. The biblical chronology is much different, but the story has never changed.

47:42

The evolutionary story changes all the time, and we see that the biblical story has been unchanged throughout history, that God created, that the earth was flooded with water, and this is part of the evidence that we're seeing, this catastrophic deluge that covered the earth.

48:07

It is not a slow process of evolutionary time. In other words, the present is not the key to the past.

48:15

We have major cataclysmic events in the past, and this is just one of them, but we see that in the vertebrae fossil record, which is what dinosaurs are considered a vertebrae creature.

48:31

In the fossil record, they only represent 0 .025 % of the fossils.

48:37

Over 95 % of the fossil record is invertebrate, like the clams and the little spiral shells, etc.

48:44

They're not the big dinosaur fossils. They're actually a very minute part of the fossil record, which

48:50

I thought was pretty amazing. Why is this important? Well, time came out a number of years ago, and they said, the truth about dinosaurs—surprise, just about everything you believe is wrong.

49:06

Now, what I'm going to talk about next is not in this article, but the premise is the same.

49:12

The truth about dinosaurs—surprise, just about everything we know is wrong. Why? Because they taught such different things that they keep changing the story.

49:20

Remember, I told you that the biblical story has never changed, but the evolutionary story keeps changing.

49:27

Here are some of the interesting facts. This is not a new find, but this is

49:36

Leonardo. This is probably one of the best recorded mummified dinosaurs ever found.

49:44

I didn't say fossilized, I said mummified. It's not fossilized. It is mummified.

49:50

It is a duck -billed dinosaur that was discovered in Montana called Leonardo. I've seen this.

49:57

It's covered with soft tissues, up to 90 % of the fossil, including muscle, the beak, the skin.

50:03

The last meal in the stomach was preserved. It is mummified. Now, you can't get mummification like this over long processes of time.

50:13

I'm sure you've had speakers in the past that have talked about this, but when the cow dies in the pasture, it doesn't become a fossil.

50:23

Fossilization has to have very specific occurrences for it to happen.

50:31

Basically, the processes that have to come together for fossilization is rapid burial, heat, pressure, and then time for that bone to be replaced by the mineral and the dirt become fossilized.

50:46

This is mummified, which does not show it's millions of years old. It is recent.

50:51

This is just evidences that I'm showing you that's kind of an extra, if you will. What else do we have?

50:59

We have soft tissue. We have elastic. We have red blood cells, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, and T.

51:08

rex bone that's supposedly 60 million years old. We're discovering this.

51:15

Now, you say, well, this is a fluke. This is not... How can this be? This is actually a slide of red blood cells in a

51:24

T. rex fossil that you can see. How is this dinosaur bone 60 million years old?

51:31

It's not. Now, Dr. Mary Swatcher came out with this initially, although this has been done before her.

51:38

She really kind of broke the thing wide open on this back in the 90s. She took a really big hit for this.

51:47

She's a secular evolutionist paleontologist. Now, I think she claims to be a

51:57

Christian, although I think she's probably a long -age older Christian creationist.

52:06

However, she has basically came out and said back in the 90s, this is what

52:12

I'm finding. This is what science is about. It is good science. What is science?

52:18

You take... It's repeatable, it's testable, it's observable, but more importantly, it's falsifiable.

52:29

She did the science on this. She tried to falsify this data by repeating these experiments objectively.

52:36

She could not falsify the data, and so she came out and she almost lost her career.

52:42

I mean, this is... Basically, after a couple of years, they forced her to recant, so now she's not even in it, but there are others who are.

52:52

I can tell you that we've been involved at the Creation Evidence Museum here in Glen Rose on the cutting -edge research of this dinosaur soft tissue research that's ongoing.

53:03

This is some of the slides that she basically produced. This is from March 2005.

53:08

You can look any of this stuff up. It's there. I'm going to show you some... I'll give you some sites here, but this is amazing because these are actually in the science now that's being done, and it shouldn't be there.

53:21

This is a bone marrow cavity from T. rex again. Flexible, pliable tissue that is not fossilized, so the case should have set in a long time ago.

53:36

There's no way these are 65 million years old. This is very problematic for evolutionists in the field of paleontology.

53:45

If you don't believe it, here's publication dates, all going back to the early 90s, all the way throughout.

53:51

This is old data. There's new data that I'm going to show you now. I'm just going to give you a resource for it so you can look it up.

53:58

Dinosaur Soft Tissue Research by Mark Armitage at dstri .org.

54:05

I know Mark. He's been down to Glen Rose. He set up four electron microscopes for us in our dinosaur research lab.

54:13

ICR from Dallas, specifically Dr. Brian Thomas, who's a colleague of mine, is leading up on that research now with Mark Armitage and others.

54:22

This is cutting -edge research that's being done now at the Creation Evidence Museum along with Mark, and we're actually discovering in other dinosaur bones that we've excavated in Colorado and Montana and from other sites, not just on one dinosaur.

54:38

It's not isolated. This is in multiple dinosaurs across different excavations. This is showing that there are soft tissue in these dinosaurs, even the

54:49

Acrocanthosaurus that was discovered here in Glen Rose back in the 80s.

54:55

There's a lot going on with this, but these dinosaurs did not die millions of years ago.

55:02

They were buried alive underwater, and even if you go to these dinosaurs that are discovered in Gobi, China, they just didn't die in the desert.

55:14

They were buried underwater, even in the deserts of Gobi. It wasn't the desert. They were all buried underwater.

55:20

This is the death pose where these dinosaurs are being asphyxiated. They're arched backwards or gasping for air.

55:29

They've been buried alive, and this is exactly what we see in the fossil record. So here's the real fossil record.

55:35

95 % are all invertebrates, primarily shells. We talked about less than 1 % are actually vertebrates, and this is just some of the significance of the field of paleontology, specifically acknowledge the study of trace fossil footprints and why this is important, because it does show that the record of Genesis is true.

56:03

There's actually evidence that we can follow, and this is just part of the evidence if you want to learn more.

56:10

This is one of the last films I did called Qumran to Petra with filmmaker

56:17

Ty Towers. We go from the new discovery, the Dead Sea Scroll Cave in Qumran, Israel in 2017, where we rediscovered the 12th

56:26

Dead Sea Scroll Cave, and we take you all the way to Petra in a 90 -minute journey. It's all free, free to enjoy.

56:32

You can find it on erinjudgens .com. So with that,

56:39

I think that concludes the presentation, I think, for me.

56:45

So ready for questions. That was awesome. Did you want to stop sharing your screen?

56:53

Yeah, I sure will, and there's my website erinjudgens .com.

56:59

Oh, just one last thing. My latest book, Guardians of Gobekli, if you've heard of Gobekli Tepe, this is the latest book that I wrote on that called

57:08

Guardians of Gobekli. It's an archaeological site in southeastern

57:13

Turkey. You can find it erinjudgens .com. I had some questions about that.

57:19

So during the question and answer, and before we stop the live stream, we'll have you repeat where people can pick up your products or see your videos.

57:32

I found Erin on Prophecy Watchers, and he was talking about Gobekli Tepe.

57:40

I can't say that. It takes some practice. One of the things that they were talking about it being like 7 ,000, 8 ,000, 9 ,000 years old, so I kind of hesitated to invite you to speak, because now

58:00

I think the earth is maybe probably 7 ,000 years old, because I think they did some fudging with the numbers, because if you look at the

58:09

Septuagint and then you look at the Masoretic text, there's probably almost 1 ,000 years missing there.

58:18

But anyways, Gobekli Tepe is the name of the book.

58:25

I actually mentioned that specific chronology in the book.

58:34

It's not just a book on Gobekli Tepe. Some kind of boring archaeological site in southeast

58:40

Turkey. What does it matter to you or to me? It's significant because one of the time frames that you just mentioned,

58:47

I don't believe it's as old as they say it is, for one. I look at it with an

58:53

Old Testament framework, and I apply the

58:59

Old Testament framework to Gobekli Tepe, and you get a much different chronology used in the

59:05

Bible. But it took me down so many paths in this book that I ended up writing some appendixes in the book.

59:14

So if you get the book and you follow the... There's about 200 footnotes in the book, and then there's appendixes in the back.

59:22

But if you read those appendixes, it's going to scream young earth creation, because I have to talk about the significance of the rocks at Gobekli Tepe.

59:32

They're limestone. So I have to talk about limestone. I have to talk about the formation of limestone, how it's formed by the processes of the

59:43

Great Deluge. I talk about the chronology. I give a new chronology using both the

59:51

Masoretic Text and the Septuagint for Gobekli Tepe. I talk about carbon dioxide. I talk about carbon dating.

59:59

So you're going to get a whole education about the processes of geology and some of the examples, not all the examples, but some of the examples that we talked about, about the evidences for creation.

01:00:13

Dinosaurs is just one of them, but you're going to get a whole reference library into one book.

01:00:20

This book took me two and a half years to research alone, but you're going to have so much reference material in this book that I think it'll really open your understanding.

01:00:32

If you follow the references and the footnotes, you're going to really get a solid education in this.

01:00:39

About how many pages is it? The book is just over 200 pages.

01:00:48

Oh, okay. All right. So it's not thousands of pages. No, no. It's designed for just the layperson to read.

01:00:58

I present it in a, I think, a very easy to read format for those who don't understand archaeology.

01:01:11

It's not in terms where we can't understand it. But this book actually screams young earth creation because I realized

01:01:22

I had to explain some of these things and give a foundation for some of it, and I hadn't intended on doing that.

01:01:31

So these became appendixes in the back of the book. So it's truly a wonderful resource if you want to know the details, the finer details about some of these things.

01:01:41

We talked about limestone, the formation of that. I tell you about all these processes and how it happened in the flood and how these deposits were made and why limestone formed in the first place and how it formed.

01:01:54

And so it's really interesting when you understand it that it didn't happen over millions of years. It's a very sudden event that happened and how that lines up with what secular geologists have used the term the

01:02:09

Younger Dryas. You probably heard of this terminology before if you studied any of this, but the

01:02:14

Younger Dryas event coincides with the biblical record. And so these differences that you talk about in the chronologies is pretty interesting because once you understand those differences, then suddenly it dawns on you that there's plenty of room in the

01:02:36

Septuagint for the Ice Age. Whereas in the Masoretic chronology, you don't have the room for it.

01:02:45

So there are both sides in what we call textual criticism. There's arguments for both.

01:02:54

There's arguments against both. There's problems with both text.

01:03:02

But I come at it from the viewpoint of you bring all the text in together and you see what kind of a wider view, a wide -angle view of what's happening.

01:03:15

So this is the approach I take with Gobekli Tepe. So I use both timelines. It's very interesting when you use both timelines.

01:03:21

You think you're going to get something very, very different regarding Gobekli Tepe, and you actually don't.

01:03:27

It's not as far apart as you would think. Well, that sounds really good. I'm going to turn this over to you,

01:03:33

Terry, for questions. Yes. So first question, we've got a bunch of questions.

01:03:39

So first question, what dinosaur is rarer than the T -Rex? Acrocanthosaurs.

01:03:47

There's only three known skeletons of that. That's the one we talked about tonight. That's a rare dinosaur.

01:03:54

It exists. It does. We've got the fossils or the footprints. Why it's not found,

01:04:01

I think it's probably deeper down in the layers. It's probably 20, 30, 40 foot down underneath the limestone layers.

01:04:10

We just happened to find one up towards the surface and then two in Oklahoma. But I think they're down deeper is why we don't see them.

01:04:19

So Acrocanthosaurus would be the one that I would say at least here would be one of the rarer.

01:04:26

Of course, T -Rex is not in this area, but it's actually rarer than a T -Rex. So early on, one of the tracks that you showed us had claws.

01:04:35

Which dinosaur made one of the claws? That would be the Acrocanthosaurus.

01:04:41

It's a theropod three -toed dinosaur. Now, they all had claws. Now, these tracks, some of them recorded the claw markings.

01:04:49

Some of them don't. You can take the same dinosaur in the same trail and back here, it records claw marks.

01:04:58

Up here, it doesn't. Why? It's because the substrate was probably a little softer in some areas and harder in other areas.

01:05:06

Maybe some of the substrate had a little bit more water. We don't know, but some recorded, some didn't.

01:05:13

But the ones that did, they have very fine details recording those claw markings. Sometimes we get the pad markings.

01:05:21

If you pick up your dog's foot, you see the claws, but you see the pad on the feet.

01:05:31

The same thing. They've got pads. So sometimes these pad markings record, not so much here in Glen Rose because they tend to be either deep or really shallow, but in other parts of the country, they've recorded these pad markings on the bottom of their feet.

01:05:49

So that's fine detail that shouldn't be there if they're millions of years old. This is all problems for a long evolutionary, millions of years timeframe.

01:06:00

It just can't happen with the erosion rates. Those dinosaur tracks should never still be there.

01:06:06

They should all be gone. Right. The one that's in Colorado, Nate wants to know, is that the one that's near La Junta?

01:06:16

I don't know if I'm pronouncing that correct, but it's with a J. Probably. I don't recall where it's near.

01:06:22

It's documented by Martin Lockley in his research books. As a matter of fact,

01:06:29

I corresponded with Dr. Lockley 23 years ago when I didn't discover the trail.

01:06:35

I mapped the trail. Mike Turnage was the first one that we know of that actually kind of recorded it back in the 70s.

01:06:45

But this is the first time it was actually documented. Now, two years ago, it was documented by others,

01:06:54

Dallas Paleontology Society and a bunch of, there was a lot of volunteers that came out. Of course,

01:07:00

I went back down there, but you have others down there. I shared my research with those guys, actually.

01:07:12

I took out my old notes, and we compared the new data. I was willing to do that.

01:07:21

It needs to be done. But for some reason, I can't remember the name of where those tracks were located in Colorado, but Dr.

01:07:32

Martin Lockley has got those documented. But when I corresponded with him about these tracks in Glen Rose, I wanted to verify, are these the longest contiguous tracks that you know of?

01:07:44

He told me yes, and that record still stands. That's not coming from me.

01:07:50

That's coming from a world -renowned secular agnologist who studies this for a living.

01:08:00

He's the one that said this is one of the longest contiguous trackways in the world right here in Glen Rose.

01:08:07

So the one in Colorado, though, that's broken up, what is it that broke it up?

01:08:13

Is it due to erosion or did the diamond start swinging? I think it's erosion that broke it up.

01:08:22

It's divided in three sections, so it doesn't count, although overall, if you just take the overall length of it, it's like 1 ,000 feet, so it's twice as long as the one here in Glen Rose.

01:08:33

The one here in Glen Rose is just over 500 feet. But it doesn't qualify because it's broken up into three sections.

01:08:40

So the contiguous part here is what qualifies the Turnage Trackway, or aka the

01:08:48

Lone Ranger Trail, as the longest dinosaur trackway. So certainly it holds the record and it's some of the best preserved dinosaur tracks in the world right here.

01:09:00

Okay, and then I think at some point you were talking about some drag marks, and so why is that they don't think that the drag marks are tail marks?

01:09:12

Well, this is part of an old school ideology that they used to drag their tails when they walked.

01:09:19

We know that's probably not true just because of the anatomy that we know of now.

01:09:26

It's more than likely that they didn't drag their tails. It could happen, but I think the current research is showing that that's not likely that that happened.

01:09:36

This is probably some kind of an object like a tree or branch that got washed in and created that one particular drag mark you saw in the picture.

01:09:48

Do a lot of the trackways demonstrate, like does it show like a speed, like the dinosaurs were advancing at a high speed, like maybe they were running from the flood or something?

01:10:03

Yeah, this one, the one I showed you, if you go to erinjackkins .com, you can pull up all those notes that it may be difficult to see on the slide.

01:10:11

You can actually pull all those notes up on my website at erinjackkins .com.

01:10:17

You can see all that for yourself. You can see some extra video there. You can see, you can kind of take a better look at it, if you will.

01:10:24

This particular trackway is not, it's just a meandering gate.

01:10:32

However, back, I think in the late 90s,

01:10:37

I think Discovery Channel came down here and they filmed an episode,

01:10:43

I think it's called Dinosaur Attack. It's a theory, but there was, and I think it's from the notes of Roland T.

01:10:51

Bird, but there was a theropod that looked like it was kind of advancing up on one of the big theropods, and it did increase in gait.

01:11:00

And then the strides got longer, and then the track stopped.

01:11:07

And so the theory is that that thing leaped onto the back of one of these big theropods. That was in a, you know,

01:11:13

I don't know that they've ever proved that, but it's certainly an interesting theory, and the tracks kind of show that.

01:11:19

So if you can maybe find that on YouTube, I think it's called Dinosaur Attack. I think it was the name of the episode by Discovery Channel, but yeah, very interesting for sure.

01:11:30

That's the only one I know of. Oh, Terry, just a second. That was my question, because your math showed that they were walking at about 3 .4

01:11:39

miles per hour. But, you know, we have a lot of creation speakers, and several of them talked about the dinosaurs as running away from the flood.

01:11:54

So that's why I was asking that question, but at 3 .4 miles per hour, they're definitely not running.

01:11:59

Well, and here's the thing, is that the flood just didn't, they just didn't get, you know, it wasn't just one thing, and it was a series of events that happened during the flood.

01:12:14

So it wasn't just one big thing that happened where they're running. It's like, okay, we've got, we kind of envisioned this thing of there's a flood, and we're running from it like we would, like anything would naturally do, but these came in waves.

01:12:30

So there's several different megasequences, if you will. Actually, this is one of the appendixes in the back of the book of Guardians of Gobekli.

01:12:37

I talked about the megasequences, how there were six megasequences as a result of the flood that came in layers, if you will.

01:12:47

And so in Glen Rose, we have about seven of these limestone layers. They go from the bottom to the top, but you have the same dinosaurs walking in the upper layers than you do the lower layers.

01:12:59

Now, if these layers formed of like one inch over a million years, this isn't possible. These are the same dinosaurs walking through all these layers.

01:13:08

So they're not millions of years apart, they're hours apart. Now, Professor Clark, who passed away a number of years ago, he was a fluid hydrologist, but he calculated that probably these layers came in at about 12 hours apart.

01:13:24

So you have a layer of clay, or you have a layer of limestone where the dinosaurs were walking, and you have a layer of clay about three, four inches thick, a layer of what we call hardpan, which is about six to eight inches, then another layer of limestone about 12 inches thick that comes in over that.

01:13:45

And then you get another layer. And so these dinosaurs are walking in these layers. But remember, they're big terrestrial creatures.

01:13:51

They're some of the last creatures to actually go. So they're still walking around in this stuff. In some cases, they're not running, they're just walking through this mud.

01:14:02

It is a foreign substance to them. It is not the normal ground that they walk in.

01:14:09

So if you can think of these tidal mudflats just coming in, these limey mudflats, and they're walking around in it.

01:14:17

And then, you know, just within a matter of hours, because it is calcium carbonate, and because it is lime, this hardens within a matter of hours.

01:14:27

It is very similar to pouring concrete in your driveway today, and you take the kids out and put your hands in the air, and you write your name, and here's the year.

01:14:36

And then in a matter of hours, in 12 hours, you know, it's all there, right? This is exactly what we see in the flood record.

01:14:44

What's happened in these dinosaur tracks is that they fossilized, they cured very quickly because it's a chemical reaction, the calcium carbonate and lime that's chemically reacting, it's heating up, and it's solidifying this limey mud into rot.

01:15:01

So now that hardens, then you have a layer of clay that preserves that layer of hard pan, then you have another layer.

01:15:07

These dinosaurs, as these layers are building up, are still walking in this material, and eventually they get overrun and get wiped out.

01:15:16

Now there's some that are probably, as a matter of fact, I've read some research just recently that they're finding dinosaur tracks that they think are swimming gate, which means that they're in water, and their feet, they're not bearing weight on the ground.

01:15:32

Their feet are barely touching the bottom of the ground, and they're recording their track, but it's not a full weight -bearing track.

01:15:42

So, you know, there's theories that they were swimming, you know, because, you know, they're on the edge of a seashore.

01:15:49

Anywhere I go, you hear a ranger or somebody, you know, explaining, you know, this is the edge of the seashore.

01:15:57

This is the same song and dance that they always talk about, because they will, they cannot explain using a model of a catastrophic flood.

01:16:10

So they'll say the edge of a seashore, or they died near the creek, and then they got, it doesn't, fossilization doesn't work that way.

01:16:18

And so when you understand fossilization and sedimentation and how this suddenly occurs, then it all, it makes sense.

01:16:25

So this is the mechanisms that the flood created, and then we're, now we're seeing the devastating effects of that.

01:16:36

Thank you. So most of these tracks were, must have been laid down during the build -up phase of the flood, but were there any that would have been during the receding phase?

01:16:49

More likely not, because by the, by the time they're receding phase, you get most of these animals are already, already wiped out.

01:16:58

They're, they're dead, they're buried, or some of them get buried. Most of them, you know, probably, you know, float up to the top.

01:17:08

Some of them do get buried, and that's why we see, but only, you know, less than one percent are vertebrae is in the, is in the record, right?

01:17:17

Less than one percent of the vertebrae fossils is, is, represents a fossil record. Most of them are invertebrates.

01:17:23

So I think a lot of them died and just didn't get buried. They, they kind of bloated and floated, if you would, will, during the flood, or some of them perhaps, you know, just got broken up and disarticulated, and we, you know, we don't see any remains.

01:17:39

But the ones who took some more direct hits, they did get buried, and I, but I think, no,

01:17:44

I think it occurred during the, during the processes of the flood, not after. And then do you think that,

01:17:51

I mean, in your findings, is it, is there one predominant direction that all of the tracks are going?

01:17:59

Some have indicated that they were, at least here locally, they were heading south, which, towards a land uplift, which is a granite layer underneath the limestone that, that actually creates what they call the lano uplift.

01:18:13

It bulges out there at a place called Enchanted Rock out by Fredericksburg, Texas.

01:18:20

It's a natural, just granite dome uplift. Some say they were kind of going towards there. I don't,

01:18:26

I don't, I don't, I don't lean towards that theory.

01:18:32

I, because these tracks are going different directions a lot of times. I don't really see them going one general direction.

01:18:41

There would, you know, there are some people who, who theorize about that. I, I don't see that.

01:18:46

I think they're just, I, I, you know, we saw the pictures, you know, they're just, they're, they're going everywhere.

01:18:53

Now this one particular dinosaur was going, you know, just kind of walking, you know, on one single file, you know, trail by himself, it looked like, but there's, there's hundreds of dinosaur tracks intersecting this, this particular dinosaur.

01:19:07

Some, some I didn't even show you on the upper layers have passed each other. They're like walking across each other.

01:19:14

They're passing each other. So there's a lot of activity that that's happening there.

01:19:19

But I don't, I don't think, you know, I don't think that would have been natural.

01:19:25

I think they would have been more spread out before the flood. I think, you know, there, there was just this catastrophe that was happening and perhaps, you know, they, they were, you know, in a frenzy trying to figure it out.

01:19:39

So maybe there was one direction that they didn't go toward. Yeah.

01:19:46

But they were going everywhere else besides that. Certainly the indications there, they, they were just traveling, you know, wherever they could.

01:19:53

I think they were trying to find high ground. Maybe they were, but maybe they were trying to find a way to get out of that mud.

01:19:59

You know, that would be my guess, but you know, if it happened over a series of hours, you know, they had time to kind of meander through this.

01:20:11

And then, so it leaves all this record of activity, which we can study the behavior of these animals, but remember eventually they get overrun in the flood.

01:20:22

Linda's asking how accurate do you think the measurement guesses, such as four -foot lengths to get hip height are, and how would we know?

01:20:31

It's a, it's a conservative estimate. There, there's, there's more, you can, you can put the numbers a little bit more on the liberal side.

01:20:42

I went with the conservative numbers that, that, that are used.

01:20:48

So, so, you know, those, those, you know, these particular dinosaurs, you know, you take the, you take the length, you multiply it times four, get you to the height of the hip, you know, you double that to get to the, to the head, you divide it by 12 to get, you know, into inches, and then that, you know, then you, you convert it over into feet.

01:21:11

And so, so, so that's what you, you know, that's an estimate. It's a conservative estimate.

01:21:17

And then you take the, you know, the, you know, the other, the other calculations that I mentioned, but they're just conservative estimates is the, the conservative numbers are the ones

01:21:28

I used. But certainly these, these indicate that these, and I put it on the, the maps there on all that data, the map and everything, and that's all available on my website, but, but those are all conservative estimates.

01:21:41

They, they could have been a little bit higher by a few feet for sure, but they were definitely you know, probably 12, 13 foot tall regarding the

01:21:52

Acrocanthosaurus for sure. We, we have larger tracks. We have a larger track at the museum that's two foot long and two foot wide, and these are certainly much larger than the ones that I showed you tonight.

01:22:06

That was found in a different area. Those are some of the largest

01:22:11

Acrocanthosaurus tracks I've seen. I just saw an article, I want to say somewhere down South America, but they found a big theropod that was four foot, the track, the footprint was four foot long, four foot.

01:22:28

So this is twice the size of the one here that, that, that we have. That's one of the biggest ones I've seen is two foot long, but you certainly take that measurement, do the, do the math on it.

01:22:37

You can, you can see how, how big that is. Yeah, that's big. Yeah. Okay.

01:22:43

So I know we're, we're over time, but we do have three more questions if you're okay. We don't want to keep you longer than you want to stay, but Linda also is asking, what do you think of the claims of human tracks along with the dino tracks?

01:22:57

Yeah. So I did some research in that. There's certainly, I think longer, a longer discussion perhaps for another time.

01:23:07

But if you go to my website, you can see some material that I wrote on that. But definitely there's, there's, there's a lot of controversy in that for sure.

01:23:18

But I, I've been involved in excavations here locally for almost 30 years and elsewhere. I put together some, some research on that.

01:23:27

That's, that's available on my website, specifically in a book.

01:23:33

Okay. And then Rob is asking who was it that dug up the mummified dinosaur? I don't know.

01:23:39

I, you can, you can Google it. It's Leonardo. I'm, I, I honestly,

01:23:45

I can't remember all the history and details on Leonardo, but it's certainly documented.

01:23:50

You could just Google search it. It's, but it's, I think it's fascinating because it's mummified.

01:23:55

So, but there's, there's been, and that's old news, actually. There's been, there've been a lot more found since then, but Leonardo is certainly one of the more famous ones.

01:24:06

Okay. And then last question, Jeff is asking how, or have you studied any trackways in South America or Australia?

01:24:15

I, I, no, I, I've wanted, I've wanted to go. I was down in South America back in 2014 with LA Marzulli doing some research on some other things.

01:24:28

And I actually went into Bolivia, but I didn't get the chance to go study the tracks. There's some tracks on a big wall that's uplifted and on the side of this big wall, there's some tracks, but it's interesting that geology, we know dinosaurs didn't walk on the side of Canyon walls.

01:24:43

This geology was flat at one time and then they got uplifted. So there are dinosaur tracks in Bosnia that I know of.

01:24:51

There's a, there's big giant whales in the deserts of Peru that they found, in the deserts of Peru.

01:24:57

So there's a lot going on down in South America, but I've never studied the tracks there, but certainly that track

01:25:04

I just talked about, the four foot long track was, was very interesting. I think that's a newer find. Okay.

01:25:11

Well, I think we've reached the end of our questions. So before we sign off the live stream and recording, if you could remind everybody one more time, how they can find you and support your ministry or buy your, buy your book, books.

01:25:25

Yeah. It's just Aaron Judkins, aaronjudkins .com. So it's A -A -R -O -N -J -U -D -K -I -N -S, aaronjudkins .com.

01:25:34

And all my research is all linked there. You can follow me on social media and my Rumble channel, all the books and everything we talked about, it's all linked up at the website there.

01:25:44

Perfect. Okay. And once again, we are Creation Fellowship Santee, and you can visit tinyurl .com

01:25:51

forward slash C -F -Santee, C like creation, F like fellowship,

01:25:57

Santee is spelled S -A -N -T -E -E to find links to our, or to find a list of our upcoming speakers.

01:26:03

And also a link to our archives page where you can find videos on our four channels, including