NT Textual Variants

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it would be good to To do so again, and it's going to take a little while It's be a tough day for me and for you.
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We have this in Sunday school. I warned everybody on Facebook this morning I've got this in Sunday school, and then
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I'm preaching both services, and we're dealing with how to map the moral civil and ceremonial laws in the
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Mosaic code and that's really difficult to do so it's going to be a challenge, so I Notice that Ray brought extra coffee
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For his family. I warned everybody bring your a -game attention spans because this is going to be a challenge
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But hopefully one that will be of use to you Let's start off Who has
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Who could can who has a ESV or Well, you know we have codex ricotonius right here.
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We have the keeper of the codex Right here. I don't have my gloves on but but may
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I may I this is this is codex ricotonius we will be looking at a number of ancient manuscripts and this is definitely one of them codex ricotonius and So it's since it is the definitely the earliest manuscript we have amongst us right now
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With the keeper of the of the of the of the codex Read for us
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John chapter. You can all look it up a gospel of John chapter 5 verse 4 look up Gospel of John chapter 5 verse 4
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I Thought he might have to wear special gloves when handling such ancient documents.
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I had to do that when I You don't you don't that's probably just a glitch in your program, right, right, so Do you do you have have something for us brother
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Ricketts? It's missing from the oldest manuscript in the room.
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Yes. Yes It's it is it is in a footnote. Yes. It is in a footnote and Now if you have the
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King James or the New King James You have it right there in the text if you have the
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NIV, which is what codex ricotonius is a early exemplar of New American Standard, I think does
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NASB have it in brackets Anybody have an NASB boy? It's not it's not in brackets.
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There's no but it's in the text. Okay ESV Doesn't have it right But no, okay.
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All right So This is the kind of issue that Causes people to ask questions now, there's all the information you could possibly ever need about John 5 4 right there clear to everybody
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Probably not maybe to one or two in the room that have had the opportunity But there's of course always someone who says it's all
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Greek to me. That's just the oldest Oldest lamest joke in the book. I Just sort of stand around waiting for somebody to make it so I can make fun of them.
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Yes, sir Right, right.
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All right, right We will come back to look at this One of the reasons
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I put that up there is just to point out to you that it's that when we talk about these things Textual variations in the
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New Testament are not unknown to Christian scholars or ministers If you go back into the earliest history of the church, there is great discussion of These issues this is not something you will very often have people saying well people sweep this under the rug and Unfortunately, we help them with their accusations because the fact that generally you will not have much in the way of discussion of these topics within the vast majority of evangelical churches the reason for that is most ministers themselves are
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Uncomfortable with the subject. It's not a subject that is necessarily Focused upon even if they they took a lot of Greek.
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It's generally not dealt with in a in a real in -depth way so we sort of help but the reality is that certainly
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Christian scholarship has Dealt with this issue for a very very very very long time now
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The reality is as we all know. Yeah, it depends. Well, we don't need to turn that one off.
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I don't think Yeah, it's it's pretty close, you know folks up here taking notes and they've got enough light
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I think everybody up here, okay Okay. All right We know that naturalistic materialism rules the day in academia if you can't put under a microscope if you can't weigh it
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Then it simply doesn't exist and anything that does not presuppose an uncreated universe
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That can be explained solely on the basis of naturalism. It's rejected a priori Christian claims such as that of inspiration, etc, etc are relegated to the arena of myth now.
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I tried to go get the Cart this morning It's all hooked up with a big old
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TV on top of it And I just did not have time to unhook it. So I do not have extra Speakers and so I do not know if I'm going to be able to play my videos and anybody be able to hear it
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I suppose if we're quiet enough, maybe if I turn the fan off or the overhead fan there it might help but I'm going to try a clip here and We will see if if it's going to be loud enough to be to be heard
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We might all have to stop breathing for a second But let's let's see if this let's see if this works
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Oh I Don't think we're gonna be able to see this
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Yeah, that's just not gonna be loud enough There you had Bart Ehrman on Sadly one of the sources of news for a younger generation
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Talking about how all we have are copies of copies of copies of copies
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We don't know what it originally said notice. He said in some places I think he'd probably limit that to maybe a dozen places in the entirety of the
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New Testament, but bit as it may That's the kind of presentation that is being made
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All across our land all across the English -speaking world believe me
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Bart Ehrman is the favorite apostate Christian of all
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Muslim apologists in the world who liberally quote him with regularity And so this is what this is what we're facing.
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This is what our young people are facing in universities The community colleges high schools and junior high schools anymore for that matter
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Not just in the realms of quote -unquote higher learning and so we have is we have scholars spinning the evidence particularly in media
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Appearances they emphasize that all we have are copies of copies of copies from hundreds of years after the originals
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Now those of you who have seen this I would appreciate if you would not ruin The presentation by answering all the questions ahead of time
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That is unfair unkind and possible grounds of church discipline but given that we have approximately 5771
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Approximation right that could change next week Especially due to the fact that Dan Wallace and the
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Center for the Study of New Testament manuscripts is out in the field Photographing manuscripts and hence they're constantly finding new ones
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Or they're finding out the one that they're Photographing is actually part of one that we knew previously and so the number goes up and down as they're doing this kind of this kind of work, but Assuming the current number of five thousand seven hundred and seventy one
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Handwritten Greek manuscripts now when I've talked about a handwritten Greek manuscript We're talking about from the earliest that we have all the way through the age of printing even as late as the 17th century
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Because took a while for printing to to catch on basically you didn't just have a sudden proliferation of printing presses and so on and so forth
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But and and all those manuscripts are not necessarily of the entirety of the New Testament some are just fragments
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Some contain the entire New Testament keeping that in mind 5771 catalogued manuscripts at this point in time
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How many Variants now what is a variant a variant is any place? Where one manuscript reads differently from another it can be word order it can be spelling
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It can be including a verse not including a verse including a word not including a word having a word before another word
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Any any thing like that amounts to a Variant a single variant how many variants do you think and if you know again?
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Please allow others who have not studied this yet to experience the joy
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Or the terror depending on how you look at it. How many variants do you think would be represented in those five thousand seven hundred and seventy -one?
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Handwritten manuscripts, you're all sitting there going.
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We've already seen this before so we're not going to say a word. Yes, sir. I Don't know, but maybe four hundred thousand.
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Yeah, okay, who whispered who whispered who held that who held the sign up? Yeah, okay, so it is
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Approximately four hundred thousand yes Ruined that It is interesting because normally
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When I when I the last time I gave this presentation for example, I gave it in Norway over about four nights
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I Will I will get guesses? from like five to a hundred five to a hundred as the number of variants and when you just think about five thousand seven
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Handwritten documents And I've always wanted to do this. I haven't ever done it, but it would be fascinating to to hand out a or just just use the bulletin and Have Have the the first row here copy the bulletin and then give their copies to the next row and have the next row copy the bulletin and and all the way
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On to the back of the room and then see how many variants develop by the time we get to the back It would it normally takes way too much time because most of us can't copy very fast and in fact most of us
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Don't do so little handwriting anymore That our hands start cramping up after a very short period of time
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But it is interesting that the numbers are rarely high They're almost always very low but there are about 400 ,000 variants
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Now there in the nestle and 27th edition there are hundred thirty eight thousand one hundred and sixty two words,
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I think the nestle on 28th is like a hundred eight thousand two hundred something so there's a a
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Few more in that particular edition But you'll be told that's nearly three variants per word because think about if you only got a hundred thirty eight thousand words you got
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Four hundred thousand variants, then what you're told is that's three options for every word
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Now that's not what it is, but that's how it's explained And if you're talking with someone who has said well look, you know
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I Took classes from so -and -so at Arizona State University, and they told me this
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What they've probably been told is something along the lines of what I'm presenting to you and so one of the biggest challenges for us is to take somebody who has been given a
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Warped view even if it's based on some facts and Tell the truth to them and disabuse them of their confusion, but the only way that we can disabuse someone of their confusion is to know what the facts are ourselves and unfortunately one of the reasons a lot of Christians don't know this is because they're too scared to face the reality of the history of Their text and that actually ends up really being a very very bad thing
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So we're confidently told no one can have any confidence the text they read today accurately reflects What was originally written and in fact you'll see like?
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graphics like this the blue there is the The number of words in the
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New Testament, and then the red here is the number of variants And so man that looks that looks like the
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New Testament text is just hopelessly Corrupted and we could never really know what it originally said
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But what I'm going to tell you over the next few weeks is what they don't tell you and what you need to know
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And what you need to be able to explain to someone else first of all 99 % of all
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Variants do not impact the meaning of the text variations and spelling and word order Make up the vast bulk of the textual variants, so what
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I mean by that is that in The vast majority of instances unless you actually read the
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Language you would not be able to understand what the variation was because it does not translate into another language
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The most common example of this because it's the most common Textual variant
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I can't come up with other good examples other than this one because it's the most common one In the
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English language you are supposed to supposed to Say an apple an abacus an elephant you're supposed to have a an n
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Rather than a apple or a abacus to break up the vowels for pronunciation purposes well
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Greek had the same concept, and it was called a movable new and a lot of first -year
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Greek students just really do not like the movable new and a lot of the
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Scribes who copied the New Testament over the many centuries also did not like the movable new did not quite understand
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It's its purpose and its function and so Whether you say a apple or an apple doesn't change the meaning.
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It's just whether someone's going to give you a job or not I suppose Well unless you're down south and that doesn't make any difference at all so So that that's it.
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There's a huge number of the variations are along those lines or whether you spell Capernaum one way or Capernaum another way
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So spelling issues like that and of course there were a number of different ways To spell many of the ancient cities the idea of standardized spelling is a modern thing
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Now young people you can't use that as an excuse to not not work on your spelling It is a modern thing and in fact most of you are probably aware of the fact
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That John Wycliffe spelled his own name twelve different ways In documents that we that we possess today, so the idea of standardization new idea
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So if there's different spellings in the New Testament in by scribes down to the ages that's that's hardly relevant and does not exactly
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Help us so when you think about it. Yes, sir. This is
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No, no, no, it's not a computer readout because like I said even the number of manuscripts continues to change every day
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This is based upon looking at it. We the manuscripts that have been thoroughly analyzed
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And looking at the number of variations from the standardized text and extend it out from there
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There has there is no possible way as yet. It's going to change, but there is no possible way as yet for any kind of Encyclopedic Analysis of all the testament manuscripts because we just don't have access to in fact.
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That's one of the big issues that Dan Wallace and CSNT M has No No, no okay, like I said, it's it's it's you take the manuscripts that you do have full access to and you can do this in and Mathematically extending out from the number of variants you found in the ones that you have
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The ones that you have not as yet have that kind of full access to see We've lost manuscripts in Iraq for example just over the past decade
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There have been there have been museums in Iraq that have been trashed by Isis They're gone, and that's why
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CSNT M is so focused upon going around the world and taking high -quality digital
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Photography is so it can be stored in the in the cloud So that you know war and so on and so forth doesn't rob from us some of the greatest
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You know treasures that we that we have So no, this is based upon extending out from what we have been able to do now
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Interestingly enough of all works of antiquity. This is the most studied work of antiquity
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But the problem is we have more evidence for this particular document than for any other work of antiquity
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We'll talk about that later on and So there's still a lot of work that needs to be done, but more work has been done on this than anybody else
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So there isn't a whole lot of money in this either. Let's just be you know You have to pay people and they have to be highly trained, and it's it's difficult to do so the 400 ,000 number is
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Is an approximation as is the 99 % it could be 98 % whatever we do know however
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That if you take 1 % of 400 ,000 at 4 ,000 meaningful textual variants out of a hundred thirty eight thousand one hundred sixty words
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Is 2 .9 percent or one meaningful variant every three pages, but only half of these are viable now
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What does this term viable mean? Well, I've used the illustration a number of times
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Let's say in in the year 1279 Monk Bob One morning and monk
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Bob is now in his late 40s and monk
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Bob His like most of us who are past that age ourselves realize that our arms keep getting shorter and shorter and It's it's very difficult to see things close up anymore and remember.
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This is 1279 so the idea of progressive lenses or Anything else is yet future?
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and so monk Bob can't see it and Monk Bob gets up one morning and for some some reason on his way into the monastery
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Starbucks is closed And so he can't get his morning fix of caffeine and When he got out of bed for some reason his his kitty cat
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Was in the wrong place and he tripped over the kitty cat and and stubbed his toe and he's just had a rough morning
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And so he gets into his job of copying me It's a cloudy day and it's not as bright as it could be and and he's not seeing so well
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And he's not feeling so well because he didn't sleep well And I didn't get his coffee and and his toes throbbing and so he's a little distracted and so monk
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Bob Doesn't pay attention what he's doing and he comes up with a reading in The manuscript he's copying because his mind's a million miles away that no one has ever seen before No one's ever seen this reading before he just he just completely flubs it now hundreds of years later we find monk
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Bob's manuscript in a in a dusty corner of Of an old library in Europe someplace and we go.
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Ah, here's a variation and it is a variant But since it's never been seen in any other manuscript anywhere
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It's not in any of the early translations of the New Testament It's not in any of the manuscripts in the area around which
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Bob's was copied. It's all alone We would not say that it is viable.
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That is that it could be the original reading so when you look at the number of variants we have less than half of them are
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Actually the meaningful ones that actually impact the meaning of the text less than half of them are viable or could actually go back and be the original and so what you then have is about 1 ,500 to 2 ,000 viable meaningful
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New Testament textual variants And so if you any any Greek New Testaments in the in the room today
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Then well, okay. Yeah, they're all they're all appearing on on on phones now People used to be holding up their
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Nestle all in text. So the UBS text or something like that but if you look at a printed edition of the
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Greek New Testament You will see down at the bottom of the page these notes and I remember distinctly
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I was talking with my Greek professor about it just this this past weekend weekend before this that I Remember the day
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I remember where I was sitting which direction I was facing what room I was in and Fleming classroom building at Grand Canyon College When I'm when we open up the
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Greek New Testament, and I'm I'm looking at the page I put my hand up and I say dr. Baird. What are these notes down at the bottom of the page?
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and he says well, that's where the Greek manuscripts differ from one another and I was already
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I was already witnessing the Mormons and so on so forth and I knew as soon as he said that that's important stuff and That's why
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I was He will tell you He's told me in years since they said off He said after about three years you're already so far beyond me in textual critical stuff wasn't even funny.
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I just couldn't tell you that so I dove into that stuff and Really Recognize the the importance so you've got about 1 ,500 to 2 ,000 viable
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Meaningful New Testament textual variants, and so let's take a look at that graphic We had before now.
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Here's a number of words, and there's a number of meaningful variants obviously That's a very different picture than what we were looking at before now think with me for a moment
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The more manuscripts you have for a particular work the more
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You will have if you only have if all we had was codex ricotonius
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If that's all we had How many textual variants would we have? None Because we have nothing to compare it to Now a lot of people want to be told we have no textual variants
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But what is the cost? Because think about it What if that's all we had?
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That's not a lot is it and if all you have is one manuscript then what must be true?
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that that one manuscript Perfectly represents the original because if you got nothing else.
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There's no way you can find out one way or the other So there are a lot of people that would like to have it to where You know we have this the holy place on the mountain and The special Bible monks have been there and and they're like the the
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Muslim dude in the mummy you know that you know they're there with their big swords, and they're defending the one manuscript and and against all sorts of monsters and stuff whatever and And if we want to know that we have to go to the mountain and and there's the what you know
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And we'd have no questions Really If that was the only manuscript we had
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Then can you can you hear the critics? Well, what do you think those monks have been doing up there all this time?
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I mean seriously how do you know they haven't changed anything and we'd have no way of knowing The only other way around it would be what?
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chisel it in stone Now that really doesn't work well for evangelism
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Spraying the gospel around the world you know we all have to go this one mountain and reference stuff
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That's chiseled in stone But that would be about the only other way around the issue that we're discussing and that is if you want a written
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Communication an oral communication a written communication you want if you want communication language to be portable and translatable
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Then these are the issues you have to deal with and every work of antiquity Has the same issues that we're that we're talking about and we'll compare the new testament with these later on so the more manuscripts you have
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The more variants you're going to have because once you have two manuscripts Okay, there's some differences between the two once you have three.
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There's more once you have four. There's more, but what is better and this is I? Need to stick this into I need since I have the clip
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I need to remind myself to stick this in But just this week.
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I'm going to be speaking a week from Yeah, week from from tomorrow at the
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Masters Academy international symposium in California on inerrancy in the in the global church and one of the clips that I put together was one of my
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Muslim friends Adnan Rashid and Adnan and I did a debate on the transmission of the new testament text at a baptist church in London a few years ago and At one point he gets up, and he says
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James says that the free transmission of the new testament text is one of the greatest evidences of its reliability
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He says that's the biggest blunder. I've ever heard in my life How can having thousands of people copying the manuscripts and making mistakes?
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Give you more certainty than what we have with the Quran And he just doesn't understand.
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He's not thought it through We need to think it through because it's easy to go that does sound weird
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I mean, how could you say that having more manuscripts, but then you really start thinking about like well. Yeah the more you have
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Then the more you can correct any one person's errors, so if you have if you have monk
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Bob But then you have a monk Jorge, and he's actually very good then if you have ten
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Jorge's to one Bob They're going to give you all the evidence you need to see where Bob messed up The more you have the more you can compare with one another and see the common types of scribal errors that are made
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And so the reality is the more you got the better it does End up being we have so much.
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That's difficult to collate all the information But that's unusual. I mean the new testament is so far beyond any other work of antiquity.
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It's it's not even funny. Yes, sir You want me to say the word Jorge yeah that helped it okay?
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Well Homer is the next is the next and I've got a really cool graphic.
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I'll show you later on that but but there's nothing in the new testament's family at this point because The average
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I mentioned this last week the average amount of time at least I think I mentioned last week I don't know the average amount of time between when a work of antiquity was written and our first Manuscript evidence of it is between five and nine hundred years for Homer Suetonius Pliny Plato Etc.
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Etc For the new testament we're talking a hundred years So nobody's even in the same family you're talking
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Who knows what happened in five to nine hundred years? We've only got a hundred years, so there's nobody even in the same family to compare it to It's so far beyond any of that Yes, ma 'am
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Because it's a handwritten manuscript of the new testament in Greek and Some of them are quite honestly irrelevant because some of them are actually handwritten copies of printed text
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So there are there are there's a set of you know probably 50 that really they're cataloged because They're handwritten copies in the
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New Testament, but they're pretty much irrelevant Even though I could tell you some interesting stories about that, but well, we'll get into that we'll get that okay
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So let's make sure we all understand this part As I mentioned more than 5 ,700 catalog manuscripts in New Testament average which is 350 pages long that is over two million pages of text grand total so 1 ,500 to 2 ,000
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Meaningful and viable variants over two million pages of hand -copied text spanning approximately 1 ,500 years
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Maybe even a little more prior the invention of printing is an amazingly small percentage of text Reflecting an amazingly accurate history transmission one might say it is downright miraculous now the funny thing is
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Even though Bart Ehrman doesn't make his money saying this he would not disagree with the vast majority of what
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I just said he might Say it's 98 % 97 % or you probably just simply say we don't know the exact percentage
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But he will admit that the vast majority of textual variations have nothing to do with transmission of the text and when people say so I mean,
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I'll never forget he was on an atheist program and the atheists were so excited to have him on One of the atheists said so dr.
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Ehrman after all this stuff about all the various stuff. What do you think the New Testament was originally about?
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and Bart Ehrman's like about Jesus the Son of God and Salvation and they're like, huh?
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He says well, we know what the New Testament was about See they think that what he's talking about is this massive amount of variation and and it was really originally about a
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Sun God from Jupiter or whatever and The reality is when I debated him and I asked him in cross -examination
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Could you show us anywhere in the New Testament where you feel that we do not have? Any longer in any manuscript the original reading he can only point to one place where there's no textual variant at all where it's the difference between In also or the word enoch and oka and okai
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Which has zero meaning as far as any type of theology anything else one place It's like come up with so the atheists are like it was like popping a balloon.
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You know, they're they're all really disappointed and sad And so on so forth. Yes, sir No We might have we might get into Once we've laid the foundation we might some variations and work through some of that, but no there are there are certain
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Principles, but no, there's no one big guru thing real quickly here because man this goes fast
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A few years ago. I asked the computer to compare for me the two most dissimilar printed
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Greek texts that we possess today for those of you who are interested this would be a
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Comparison of the Westcott and Hort text from 1881 with the majority text the business may be
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TR so Byzantine versus Alexandrian basically and to mark the differences in green and so here's
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Ephesians chapter 1 verses 1 through 14 and So you'll notice that There are here's place green green green green there there and there's a little teeny one right there
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Which is actually the most important textual variant in Ephesians 1 1 through 14?
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Right here. It's difference between ha and Haas whether the spirit is identified with a masculine or a neuter pronoun neuter would actually be formally correct because Numa is a is a neuter noun, but If it's
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Haas then it's similar to what we have in John where the masculine pronouns use emphasize the personality spirit but the point is
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When when you hear someone saying well, there's three options for every word in the New Testament, then you look at this
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You go. No, I would say the vast majority of that.
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There's no variation in whatsoever so you look at this and Just as he chose us in him before the foundation of the world that we might be holy and blameless before him in love
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That's there really isn't any logical rational historical basis for anyone to question that that is exactly what the original reading of Ephesians chapter 1 verse 4 was and even in the verse above Where there's a minor variant right here for those of you to read
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Greek, you know, that's preposition meaning in and Or by depending on how you interpret it and you know that in Greek could have stole is
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In the lock of instrumental date of case by its form and so you don't necessarily have to have the preposition you'd still have to translate it in light of the form of the of the word anyways, and so when you look at that you see just how
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Ridiculous it is when people try to say well, you know, we don't have any idea of the New Testament originally set
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The extent of variation is Considerably less than unfortunately people like to make it look
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When they use the big numbers and don't break it down into into the reality Unfortunately, our time is up and we have to shift gears massively
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For the next hour as do I so your prayer is appreciated. Let's let's close with a word of prayer
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Father we thank you for this time as quickly as it's gone by we ask that you would help us to understand these things that we would remember
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From week to week so that we might put this information together. We might be used of you
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To give an answer for the faith that's within us They hope that's within us or that you might use us to cast light in this dark world.