Muhammad's Errors About Jesus

Muhammad's View of Jesus and the Problem of Qur'anic Authority

Dr. White is going to be talking about a similar subject, but it's sort of flipped here in the sense that what is Muhammad's view of Jesus? In the Quran, we do find a good bit about Jesus, not a huge amount of actual text, but a good bit of citations.

And Dr. White, I want to welcome you to the show. Thank you for being here.

It's gone very quickly, hasn't it?

It has. Too quickly.

Too quickly.

The last time we had a lot more shows together.

But you make me look good, so most folks don't realize, you know, you're just carrying me along the whole time.

Oh, yes, yes, yes. Well, humility is a good thing.

If it's truthful.

I'm proud that I'm so humble. But nevertheless, Dr. White, this subject, this idea of Muhammad's view of Jesus, we as Christians certainly would see it as erroneous, primarily in the obvious that he would say that Jesus was not God.

But there's a lot more, isn't there?

There is.

And I was sort of introduced to this when I did my first debate against a Muslim in 1999. Now, I had not yet at that point really begun studying Islam. And I didn't start studying Islam because of 9 -11 either.

A lot of people did. That wasn't what prompted my study of it. But in 1999, I defended the deity of Christ against a Muslim apologist, Hamza Abdul Malik, who at the time was a Sunni Muslim. He is now a Quran only Muslim, which is interesting.

By the way, isn't that technically heretical according to the Sunni view?

Yes, yes. But from his perspective, the addition of the second part of the Shahada is in fact.

How Muslims Read the Qur'an Through the Qur'an

Shirk. Whoa.

That's amazing. He actually believes that that is an association. And when we've had Sam on the show, he's mentioned the fact that you can find people who actually identify that wah, that Wah Muhammadun Rasulallah is a connective and it is bringing those two.

Together.

So he's Quran only. But we were defending, I was just simply defending the deity of Christ. And even in the preparation for that debate, I saw very, very quickly one of the greatest problems that we face in apologetics and evangelizing the Muslims is the fact that because they start with the Quran as the lens through which they look backwards at what came before it, then if the Quran makes an error, if Muhammad was mistaken about Jesus, the Muslim is now put in a position where when I give a biblical and true definition of who Jesus is, they basically have to choose between their ultimate authority, which is the Quran, and what I'm saying.

And they're generally going to take the Quran and in essence accuse me of some level of dishonesty or trying to hide something or something along these lines. And so even back then, I clearly recognized that one of the problems we have is that if you will not step back and examine Muhammad's own revelations, you may call them God's revelations if you want to, but look, think about it.

If this man was a true prophet, then what he said was true. If you start off with the assumption that everything he said was true and then all facts have to be fit into that, well, you're not dealing truthfully with Muhammad.

If he really was a prophet, then you can examine his claims and find them to be true. But most Muslims approach this from the complete opposite direction, the assumption that he's true and therefore all facts that demonstrate he's not just simply have to be dismissed.

This becomes very important when we encounter the constant claim by Muslims that, well, we are the second largest religion on the planet that teaches people to honor Jesus, that teaches people to believe in Jesus.

This was one of Ahmed Didat's lines, and that's where a lot of people have picked it up, is that we teach people to love Jesus and to honor the prophet Jesus and things like that. But as we have said many, many, many times before, if I were to talk about, for example, the fact that I've been married almost 29 years now, coming up on the big three, I'm going to start making some plans for that.

You don't let those big numbers go by without making some plans. If you want to remain married for a long period of time, anyway, there's a little lesson for you young guys that have just gotten married.

The big numbers, think of something important to do for those big anniversaries. But coming up on that one, and if I wanted to, in some way, honor my wife, then, you know, I might talk about all she's done, how hard she works, and how patient she is, and how beautiful she is.

I mean, people are always like, oh, you and your daughter want to have a table? Well, thank you very much, is my wife. And we're actually pretty much the same age. She's a little bit younger than I am, but I must have signed something at some point in the past.

I don't remember signing it that said I would do all the aging for the couple.

Thank God it's not the other way. That they come up to you and say, here's your son.

That's true.

It is better to go this direction. There's no two ways about it. I'm very blessed. Yes, but if I were to seek to honor her in some way, I would not find it to be honoring if someone comes along and starts talking about some other woman, or calls this woman my wife, but it's a different woman, looks different, haven't been married.

I would not be honored if they were being untruthful about who my wife was, what my wife has done, and what her character is. Well, that's the situation we're facing here. Islam might say to us we are honoring Jesus, but if in the process they give us a different Jesus who is much less than the Jesus of scripture, and in the process contradict the truth about who Jesus is, that's not honoring him.

That is not an act of honor in any way, shape, or form. We have to keep this in mind when Islam makes these claims. You had mentioned that the Koran does mention Jesus. For some reason, Christians find that to be somewhat unsettling when I mention that to them.

Maybe it's because a lot of Christians don't even know that the Koran came after the Bible, or acknowledges the existence of the Bible, or at least the Torah and the Injil. Let's face it, most Christians are just as ignorant of the Koran as most Muslims are.

Of the Bible.

When I go around asking audiences, how many here have read the Koran? In a decent sized group, I might get one, maybe two hands. I think you'd get pretty much the same type of percentage amongst Muslim groups as well.

For different reasons, but the same result.

Same result. We're frequently just talking right past each other. There's a tremendous amount of ignorance. When I tell people, there are 25 times, 25 ayah in the Koran where the name Isa is used, which is the Islamic version of Jesus.

That's not really an accurate rendering, because the name of Jesus, what needs to be rendered in other languages, is not just a sound, but the meaning of Jehovah, Yahweh, is Savior. That's what needs to come across.

You sort of wonder where this Isa came from. There's a lot of theories about where it came from, just like there's a lot of theories why it's Pharaoh instead of Pharaoh.

And the Arab Christians don't use this terminology.

Exactly, Christians do not use this terminology and probably should not use this terminology, I would imagine, would be the appropriate position to take. There are 25 places where the Koran specifically uses the equivalent of the name of Jesus.

But as has been rightly said by some more liberal Islamic scholars, which means they do not live in Islamic lands. That's the only place you find liberal Muslims is outside of Islamic lands. The Jesus of the Koran is an argument, not a person.

The Jesus of the Koran is an argument, not a person. The Jesus of the Bible is someone who lived in history, who walked this earth. The Gospels present him moving from place to place, and we can find those places.

Today on your computer you can download program after program now that will give you 3D views of everywhere Jesus walked. You don't even have to go to Israel anymore. You can just sit at your computer and walk along the streets of Jerusalem and do all sorts of stuff like that.

We can put Jesus in history. We can put him in geography. We can put him in the political climate of the day. That even comes out in Jesus' teaching. For example, one of the reasons that Jesus tells people, they confess he's the Messiah, and Jesus says, do not tell anyone that I am the Messiah.

Well, there were political reasons for that given the Roman rule at the time. I mean, that's not the only reason he did that, but we understand that given the background of what was going on. The point is that the Jesus of the New Testament is someone that the average Muslim has no idea who he is.

They do not know, because you're not going to be introduced to the Jesus of the Bible in the Koran, because the Jesus of the Bible is a one-dimensional, shallow person that could never be loved by anybody.

I'm sorry, when Muslims...

The Jesus of the Koran.

Did I say the Bible?

Yes.

I'm sorry. The Jesus of the Koran is a one-dimensional person. He basically is a walking argument for monotheism and the prophet of Muhammad. That's all there is. There's no interaction with people. He speaks as a baby from the cradle.

He does all these Gnostic miracles and things, because the author of the Koran didn't understand that those sources were not reflective of history and just uncritically accepted them and things like that.

But the point is, when somebody says, well, I love Jesus, and they're a Muslim, I just want to go, what Jesus do you love? How can you love an argument? The person of Jesus, and I did an interview with a man a number of years ago who had been converted to Christ.

He was born on the border between Pakistan and Afghanistan.

Tough place.

Tough place. And a missionary had come through long before he was born and had left a New Testament with his family. For some reason, they didn't destroy it.

My goodness.

And when he was born, as he was growing up, and once he could read, he stumbles across this book, and his parents made the same mistake that all parents make, and that is they said, don't read that. Now, we all know how well that works as parents, isn't it?

Don't eat that cookie. Well, now you've made that cookie the greatest cookie that's ever been made on the face of this earth, and it's going to get eaten one way or the other. And he read this New Testament.

And in the reading of that New Testament, he encountered a Jesus that he had never heard of before, a Jesus totally different than the Jesus of the Koran. And without any other human instrumentality than that missionary leaving the living scriptures, this man was gloriously converted.

Praise God.

Now, he's lived a tough life since then, prison and fleeing for his life and everything else because we know what Islam does with someone who finds the true Jesus.

Sharia law, that they're trying to tell us is the answer to the Western ills, says he must be executed.

He needs to be executed. But the point is, here's a man who saw the real Jesus, and the contrast between the Jesus of scripture and the shallow, one-dimensional Jesus of the Koran was shocking to him.

And he saw in that Jesus a savior that was the answer to everything that he was looking for. And so we've titled tonight's program, Muhammad's Mistaken Jesus.

Why?

Because obviously Muhammad did have a view of who Jesus was. But what were his sources? Did he understand? I would hope that our Muslim listeners would agree with me on this, that if Muhammad was a prophet and Jesus was the last prophet before Muhammad, because even the Koran says, I prophesy of a prophet coming after me, not two or three prophets coming after me, but his name would be Ahmed.

If Jesus is the last prophet right before Muhammad comes and he is considered to be this great prophet, then surely Muhammad would have to have the most accurate information about who Jesus was. What he taught about Jesus would show an in-depth understanding of who Jesus was.

Is that what we discover? Is that what we find in the Koran? Or do we find instead the same kind of misunderstandings that you would expect to find from a deep desert dweller from Mecca who has only encountered Christianity maybe on caravan trips into Syria, sitting around the campfire listening to stories from Christians and Jews?

Why is it that the view of Jesus found in the Koran is much more commensurate with that? There's no evidence whatsoever that the author of the Koran had any intimate knowledge with what the New Testament said about Jesus.

If that author was Allah, Allah knew everything the New Testament said about Jesus. Now there's no question that the Koran tries to argue against what Christians believe about Christ. But it just strikes me.

Let me use a completely different illustration. Maybe you can hear this and not just because it has nothing to do with Islam. We were talking before the program began about some of the ministry that some of us have done outside of our dealing with Islam.

One of the things that I did for years, for 18 years, is every six months I would travel up to the general conference of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Salt Lake City, the Mormons.

That was the first group I really started working with. In fact, I was a teenager when I first started seeking to witness to the Mormon people. When I became very serious about that in college, what did I do?

I started studying what the Mormons believed. I got their scriptures. I read their scriptures. The Book of Mormon, Dr. Conant's Pearl of Great Price. I started buying their books. I read books by their leaders like A Marvelous Work and a Wonder by LeGrand Richards and Mormon Doctrine by Bruce R. McConkie and Jesus the Christ, and Articles of Faith by James Talmadge.

These are all LDS leaders of the past. Of course, when I was studying this, Bruce McConkie was still alive, but it shows how long I've been doing this. I went to the original sources because you need to know what they themselves are saying so that I could develop the best response possible to the LDS faith and communicate with the Mormons in a language they could understand.

Unfortunately, we use the same language, but we mean very, very different things by the words we use. This is one of the biggest problems in witnessing to Mormons. We will talk about eternal life. They will talk about eternal lives.

What they mean by that is completely different. Salvation to us, salvation to them is completely different. There's universal salvation. There's particular salvation, which is exaltation of godhood. There's all this stuff that you need to know.

The point is I, as a human being, realized that if I'm going to provide the best rebuttal to Mormonism, I had to understand what Mormonism really teaches. In fact, I sought to understand it better than most of the Mormons I was talking to.

That took a lot of time and a lot of effort. Now, I think we can all agree that if you want to provide a meaningful response, that's the best way to do it. Why didn't Allah do that in the Quran? 600 years had passed since the birth of Christ, 500 years since the close of the New Testament.

These were not unknown documents. Entire councils had met, books had been written, literature had been developed. The doctrine of trinity was well known by this point in time. And yet, for some reason, Allah does not seem to have been cognizant of these things.

Or at least the author of the Quran was not cognizant of these things. There is no evidence that the author of the Quran provides any meaningful or in-depth critique of what it is that Christians believe.

And it's hard for me to understand that because certainly Allah would have known. Now, I know that there are responses to this. Well, there's no reason for him to have done this. It's all just unbelief anyways.

And so there's no reason to go into depth and refutation of unbelief. All the rest is stuff. But again, that doesn't make any sense to me because it wouldn't have been any harder for Allah to have dictated, since that's all the Quran is.

I mean, it's just the angel Jibril giving the exact words to Muhammad. Muhammad doesn't have to understand this stuff. All Muhammad has to do is recite, speak. So why does Allah then show such an abysmal understanding?

Shallow understanding. And in fact, errors. There are errors in how the Quran represents what Christians believe in the trinity. How can this be if this is God's word? How can this be if what Muslims assume is true is true?

And I want to back this up by looking at the text of the Quran tonight and contrasting it with what we find, again, in the New Testament, which preexisted the writing of the Quran. I remember our caller on the first night.

Well, you've just corrupted the New Testament. If you as a Muslim can actually back up the claim that we have corrupted the New Testament about any of the text I raise this evening,.

Then call.

The fact of the matter is I have in front of me, I really do, especially on this unit right here, have pretty much modern exhaustive library of all the textual critical resources that we have for, really, the Bible.

I have the CNTTS textual critical data. It is an exhaustive accounting of all the variants in the New Testament. I mean the smallest, most insignificant variants, whether you spell the word God, Theta Epsilon Omicron Nu, or whether you use the abbreviation very common in early papyri, Theta Nu, the line over top.

Even that's noted as to which manuscripts have which. That's how exhaustive it is. And just last week, the brand new scholarly exhaustive Gottingen Septuagint. It's the Greek Septuagint with the fullest textual critical data that has ever been published.

It's sitting right there.

How many Muslim apologists have, know about, care, or use this? I mean, maybe Shabir Ali is aspiring to, as he pointed out in his debate, maybe he doesn't know Greek, but I don't think there's any that's interested in that.

No, I don't know of anyone. I wish we had similar things for the Quran because I'd have them. I was showing Brother Joseph, I think it was yesterday, here on my iPad. I've actually found one of the best Quran programs that I've ever encountered, $5 .99.

But it's called Quran Study, I think. And it had, you could look up any root. It tells you how many times it's used, which surahs it's used in, which ayahs it's used in, stuff like that. But still, that's nothing in comparison to what we have in the Bible.

Not even anywhere close. So if you want to try to back that up, listen to what I'm saying. We can show you. I can reach down here and get the stuff I need to and plug it into my computer if I have to.

I can show you the papyri manuscripts that were written hundreds of years before Muhammad was born that contained the text that we would be looking at. Which means that when Muhammad is saying these things, and he's saying to the Al-Anjil, the people of the Gospel, go look at these things, this is what they would have been looking at.

We can demonstrate that beyond question today. There is no question that we know what the New Testament and the Torah said long before Muhammad came along. This is vitally important to understand. And so we'll look at these things and we will be able to understand where Muhammad made his mistakes about Jesus.

Dr. White, may I just add one thing? I'd just like to say the departure of this Allah from the procedure or what you find in the New Testament and Old Testament. Hundreds, hundreds of exact quotes in the New Testament of the Old Testament.

Remember now the Jews claim this Old Testament, the Tanakh, as their own, not as the Christians. But they admit that essentially it is exactly the same as what we have. And yet there is perfect fulfillment.

There is a perfect connection. And how many exact quotes of the New Testament text do we find in the Quran?

None that I'm aware of.

Zero exact quotes.

The only thing you would call an exact quote, I think, is not of the New Testament. It is of the Lex Talionis, eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth.

Right, right.

But there is...

And you have Joseph's story, there is some parts maybe there, but it's a paraphrase, it's not exact.

It's a paraphrase. It seems to me much more that this was a situation where Muhammad had heard these stories. And in fact, when you compare the times that he repeats the same story more than once, the differences between his recitations of those stories exactly reflects what you would expect from someone who is going on oral tradition rather than a written text.

There just isn't any evidence he had access to a written text.

This is a huge difference in the way Allah treats his first books and then going to the Quran.

And remember, according to the Quran, the books we're talking about were not solved. They were sent down. They were the result of a revelation. They were given by Allah. And that's why modern Muslims have to insist that we don't really know what these books originally said.

But once they start digging into the facts, they discover that we do in fact know.

And we make no distinction between any of them. Surah 384, go ahead, Dr. White.

Definitely.

So with that, and I'm not sure where we are time-wise, but let's look at Surah 4, 171 to 172. Let's just start with that particular text and we'll move on to others as our callers will call in as well.

After you present this one, we might take a short break.

Okay.

All right.

Surah 4, 171 says, O people of the Scripture! Al-al-kitab! Do not commit excess in your religion, or say about Allah except the truth. The Messiah, Jesus the son of Mary, was but a messenger of Allah, and his word which he directed to Mary, and a soul, and then this is in parentheses, created at a command from him.

So believe in Allah and his messengers, and do not say three. Desist, it is better for you. Indeed, Allah is but one God, exalted is he above having a son. To him belongs whatever is in the heavens and whatever is on the earth, and sufficient is Allah as disposer of affairs.

Never would the Messiah disdain to be a servant of Allah, nor would the angels near to him. And whoever disdains his worship and is arrogant, he will gather them himself altogether. Now, notice what is said, specifically in verse 171.

First we have this concept of excess in religion. This is a common accusation that is made against the Christians, that they have gone beyond what Allah himself originally revealed. And so, we are told to say about Allah nothing except the truth.

Well, that of course is our desire. That is our desire to say about God nothing but the truth. The question is, what is recording the truth? Is it the Quran or is it the New Testament at this point? Then we have the specific content of what it is that allegedly the Christians are committing excess about.

The Messiah, Jesus, the son of Mary, was but a rasool of Allah, a messenger of Allah. And his word, which he directed to Mary, and a soul from him. And that is interpreted different ways by different people.

Some say spirit from him as well. So, the point is that this Jesus of Islam is but a rasool. He is nothing but a rasool. He does not transcend this. Now, we know what it is that Muhammad is trying to communicate here.

Because he goes on to say, so believe in Allah and his messengers, which in this case would be of course Muhammad. And do not say three. Now, some translations will say trinity at this point. But this is actually a little bit more accurate translation.

It is.

It says three. It doesn't say trinity. It's thalatha. Thalatha is the number one, two, three.

Exactly. The term trinity is actually not used, to my knowledge, in the Quran at all. It says three. Do not say three. Now, Brother Joseph, if I were to ask you how many sweaters you have, and you said you had three, I would assume that you mean there are three separate and distinct sweaters from one another.

Naturally.

When we read these words, so believe in Allah and his messengers, do not say three, desist, it is better for you. Indeed, Allah is but one God. If you said you had three sweaters, and I said, no, you only have one sweater, it would be pretty obvious what we were saying.

The only way these words make any sense is if the original author is saying, do not say three gods, Allah is but one God. And is that not the great concern that Muslims admit Muhammad had when he was in Mecca?

And that is to oppose what? Polytheism, a belief in many gods. So it sounds to me, I don't think that there is any way in which I am misrepresenting the Quran here. To interpret this as understanding that the author is denouncing the idea of three gods.

Do not say three. Indeed, Allah is but one God. And then notice the next line, exalted is he above having a son. Exalted is he above having a son. Well, what does that have to do with the immediately preceding phrase that emphasizes the fact that there is one Allah?

That there is only one God? Well, again, this wouldn't make any sense unless what the author is saying is that Allah is exalted above having a son that would be a deity.

Yes.

That he would, this is a common assertion in the Quran, that Allah is exalted above having a son. And in other places, this is directly connected with the idea of an offspring. We'll look at some of those other texts in a little while.

But it seems, and again, I honestly am not seeking to ignore something that's right there on the surface of the text. I'm really, really not. I am trying to allow the text to speak for itself. And it seems that the text itself is interpreting what Christians, because it's talking about the people of the scripture.

And this would specifically be the Christians because it then talks about Jesus. And excess in teaching about Jesus, it's interpreting the threeness of the Trinity as what? Polytheism.

Yes.

As if you have Allah and you have Jesus as the offspring of Allah, a son of Allah, but a God besides Allah, which would raise the issue of how Allah has a son. And we will see that there are other indications as we get to them, that from the Quranic perspective, this wife of Allah, this mate of Allah is in fact Mary.

And that the understanding is that Allah and Mary have a child. And this is Jesus. And there have been many Muslims down through the centuries who believe that that's exactly what Christians believe. And so if we consider this to be the case, then just looking at this one text, do not say three, desist, it is better for you, Allah is but one God, exalted is he above having a son.

Well, these are strong words. And in fact, to say that Allah has a son and to say three, to say that the Messiah is one of three in another section of the Quran, we will get to that in a moment, to say these things results in going to hell fire.

Just mentioning right there before we took our break, the fact that the Quran says very strong things about those of us who worship Jesus Christ. We mentioned last evening the fact that there are hadiths that refer to the fact that when Jesus returns, he will be the enemy of those who had, he'd be the enemy of the Mushrikeen.

And from the Islamic perspective, what that means is that he will oppose those who have worshipped him. He would oppose myself. I mean, there's no way to try to put these two religions side by side and say let's just all get along.

There is just, it's a 100 contradiction of both religions to treat them in this way. And I think people on both sides realize that that is the case. But the Quran actually says that to accept what the New Testament teaches, whether the writer of the Quran even understood that or not, is to put yourself in a position of entering into the very fires of hell itself.

For example, in Surah 5, Ayah 72, we read, they have certainly disbelieved who say, Allah is the Messiah, the son of Mary. While the Messiah has said, O children of Israel, worship Allah, my Lord and your Lord.

Indeed, he who associates others with Allah, the great sin of Shirk. Allah has forbidden him paradise and his refuge is the fire. And there are not for the wrongdoers any helpers. And so you have the assertion that is made, it is a statement of disbelief of Kufr to say, Allah is the Messiah, the son of Mary.

Now even that is somewhat confused. We would say that the Messiah, the son of Mary, was true deity. That the second person of the Trinity, the son of God, who eternally existed as a son, who was not born of a woman, did not become the son of God at a point in time.

But this eternal person who along with the father and the son has eternally existed as God, it was that person who became enfleshed in the son of Mary. And so we would say that Jesus is God in that sense.

But to say Allah is the Messiah, the son of Mary, why not use New Testament terminology? Why not show some type of knowledge of Paul's epistles to the Colossians and his description of Jesus as the creator of all things?

I mean it's clear to me, as we're going to get into this some more, the author did not have any idea how Christians defend the deity of Christ.

They have no idea.

No access to the New Testament scriptures.

None whatsoever. But again, God did not need to have Muhammad being able to read Greek. If the Koran is what Islam says it is, there would be no need for Muhammad to have read Paul's epistle to the Colossians because God knows the epistle to the Colossians.

And if the Koran is merely the speech of Allah, then why would there be such ignorance? Such stumbling about and even attempting to refute what Christians believe. It just does not make any sense. Why is it that a human living in 620 could have given a much better argument against the Trinity than the Koran does?

Have you ever thought of that? Have you ever considered it that way? Why is it that there were already written works against the doctrine of the Trinity from the enemies of the Christian faith that did a much better job of denying the Trinity than the Koran does?

That makes no sense to me if, again, this is supposed to be the very words and speech of God. I don't understand that part.

It's an excellent point. And I'd just like to make one point here just so our listeners know who don't speak Arabic. Here in the verse, not only does it say essentially that we're committing shirk, but the verb of what we would be doing is yushrak.

There it says, Yes, yushrak. Whoever joins other gods with Allah, and then that it says, So thereby saying that this belief that Jesus, that the Christ, the Son of Mary, Allah is Christ, the Son of Mary, it says specifically in the Arabic when you read it, that is shirk.

It's association.

It is shirk.

There's no question that the Koran identifies it this way. I did a debate in London on this subject. Is the doctrine of the Trinity shirk?

Yeah.

And what I was seeking to establish is that shirk is association. And remember, we saw in Surah 4, it seems that the underlying assumption is do not say three. Three what? Three gods. So it's association of one god with another god.

That would be polytheism. That would be association, shirk. We understand all of that. But that's not what Christians believe.

No.

We do not believe that Jesus is some separate deity out there, that we have multiple gods. We are not associating multiple gods. The first and central affirmation of the doctrine of the Trinity is we believe there is one true God.

The one true God said in Isaiah 4310, before me there was no God formed and there will be none after me. And so if shirk is association, then we, by definition, cannot be associators because we are absolute monotheists.

And so the well-read Muslim has to go, well, it's your belief that there are three divine persons that share the one being of God that becomes association. But that's going beyond the Koran. I feel, in some senses, for the modern Muslim who tries to defend Muhammad in today's world.

I know of young men with whom I am having dialogue right now, just today got the information about doing a scholarly article with a Muslim apologist for a Christian theological journal where we are going to discuss this very issue.