Wednesday, February 19, 2020 PM

Talking about the Bible and science. We're over at Christian Heritage Academy this week, every day, and in the science classes, doing lots of demonstrations and talking to them about how the Bible and science go together.

And we have a program about pioneers of science, talk about Christian pioneers of science. I talk about the electron and atmospheric pressure and water and just a lot of different things. We have a lot of demonstrations, it gets their attention.

When I was a young man growing up in New Jersey, we had a scientist came to our school, and I don't remember what he said, but I remember the fact he was a Christian. The fact that there was a Christian that believed the Bible, that was a scientist, that got me all the way through high school, as far as not doubting the Bible.

So I want to do that for those kids as well. So we've really enjoyed that. Now what motivates me to travel, number one, you may be aware that there's this movement in the world called theistic evolution.

That is the idea that God used evolution to bring about everything. And there's an organization called BioLogos that was founded by Francis Collins. Francis Collins is the highest ranking scientist in our government.

He's the head of the National Institutes of Health. And he is promoting this idea of theistic evolution. And he has a grant from the Templeton Foundation. They're producing Sunday school literature to try to convince Sunday school young people that Adam and Eve were not real people.

You cannot depend upon Genesis as literal historical account. And so we're trying to combat that. And they get mostly into, you know, your big megachurches and seeker-sensitive places, that type of thing.

Then I'm interested in telling young people about the opportunity of studying science and engineering in a Christian university. I was the head of the science division at Bob Jones for many years. And I feel like we've gotten to a point now where we're kind of at our zenith as far as science and health professions and engineering.

And we find as we go around the country, people don't know that. They don't know that they had that option. And so we find young people who are, you know, homeschooled or they go to a good Christian school.

And yet when they get to college age, they end up going to the secular school because they wanna get real science. Well, real science is usually evolutionary science. And so that's a problem. And we wanna show that they have an option of getting a world-class science and engineering education at a Christian university.

So we're promoting that at the school this week as well. And then I'd like to answer people's questions. We find as we go around, people have questions about things having to do with the Bible and science.

And the pastor doesn't feel like he can answer those questions. And so we find that people have questions that they wanna have answered from that standpoint. And I'm happy to answer your questions. And my name Matsko means teddy bear, okay, in Hungarian.

So I'm a big teddy bear. And so you can feel free to ask me questions. So we'll try to have an opportunity this evening for Q &A, especially about this topic having to do with climate change. Okay, so let's go ahead and pray and we'll get started with the message.

Father, we thank you that we can be here at Sunnyside. We pray, Lord, that we can be a blessing to the folks here. We pray you'll be with the words I have to speak. And I pray for those who are listening, that you'll help them to hear the things you want them to hear.

And may you be glorified all that's said and done for Jesus' sake, amen. So there's a controversy raging in the broader evangelical community over our stewardship of creation. The split is between generations with many younger evangelicals calling for a movement on broader environmental agenda, including global warming, and many of the older generation warning of an emphasis on environmentalism being a dangerous thing, a distraction from the church's primary focus, and that would be the salvation of souls.

And we've seen it ourself. I've been in a church where young people come up and they'll talk to me and you can tell that they're going one direction with this. And then I'll be there and an older person will come up and they're going a different direction.

And it's interesting to see, even in our fundamental churches, this split that's occurring. There's no doubt that a large majority of fundamentalists would side with the older evangelicals who believe that we have to guard against worshiping the creation instead of the creator.

However, it could be that some of our skepticism, as far as this whole issue is concerned, is that we distrust science because of evolution. In other words, we say, well, if the scientists get evolution wrong, then they probably got everything else wrong, too.

And so I think maybe there's a lot of skepticism in that regard. Why couldn't they be wrong about climate change? This turn here. We've all seen the video footage of melting glaciers and polar bears having to swim more and having trouble finding food.

And the news is not encouraging. Just read an article today where they're talking about how the Great Barrier Reef is going to disappear because of the warming temperatures of the ocean. We've actually been to the Great Barrier Reef.

We took summer mission teams to Australia for 23 years. It's one of the things we tried to make sure the young people had an opportunity to do. I used to go with them. I got two C6. I used to send them after that.

But people are concerned about that, about losing the Great Barrier Reef because the sea temperature's getting warmer. It's easy for people in the pew to be scared and alarmed as the bad news keeps rolling in.

Christians want to know answers to basic questions about global warming from someone other than Al Gore. How serious is it? What causes it? What, if anything, we should do about it? So I'm coming to you as one who's taught about global warming on the university level for more than 25 years.

In fact, I was teaching about this before it became a political issue. It was actually a scientific issue at one time. I'd like to put global warming into its proper scientific and biblical perspective.

Can we go back a slide? We'll just leave it there. That's fine. Okay, so what's the amazing fact, most amazing fact about global warming? And that fact is how little variation there has been in the Earth's climate.

All this controversy we've seen about global warming and climate change and so forth is just a very small amount. We just have one degree Celsius in the last 100 years. As far as that change is concerned.

So just really a small, I'll show that to you in a minute. And we need to understand that God created this Earth as to be a home for mankind. Isaiah 45, 18 says, "'For thus saith the Lord that created the heavens, "'God himself that formed the Earth and made it, "'he hath established it, he created it not in vain, "'he formed it to be inhabited.

"'I am the Lord and there is none else.'". So he didn't create it in vain. He created it with a purpose. And that was for the habitation of mankind and for life to thrive on the surface of the Earth. So that tells us something about what his plans for this planet are.

Went too far.

Anyway, God has also promised the Earth will continue as a suitable habitation for man with regular seasons until the end. If we go to Genesis chapter eight, for example, Noah's getting off the ark. And if you remember, Noah, first thing Noah did is he built an altar and he took some very endangered species and sacrificed them to God.

And then the Lord says, "'The Lord smelled a sweet savor and the Lord said "'in his heart, I will not then again curse the ground "'anymore for man's sake, "'for the imagination of man's heart is evil from his youth.

"'Neither will I again smite any more "'every living thing as I have done. "'While the Earth remain a seed time and harvest, "'cold and heat, summer and winter, "'day and night shall not cease.'". So the question is, how does God do that?

How does he keep the Earth's energy in balance? You see here, here's the chart. This is not in question, usually, no matter what your place on the political spectrum would be. We see we've had one degree Celsius change in the last hundred years.

And that's just a remarkable thing, to think that we live on a sin-cursed world. This is not the original design. And God is balancing all the energy inputs and outputs in such a way that we've only had one degree change in the last hundred years.

So how does God maintain this energy balance? How did he design it with such precision? Now, when we were talking about having a test, okay, this is where you're gonna have a test on, okay? I can't even see it from where I am, okay?

And the point of this slide is not so that you read all the figures and so forth. I can't even see them. The point is to show you something about how complicated it is. Some of the energy and inputs and outputs that have to be balanced as well.

The Earth is the only planet circling our sun on which life as we know it could and does exist. If the Earth had a little bit different mass, or if it traveled a little faster or slower around the sun, all life would cease to exist.

Most people think that because of perspective drawings they've seen in textbooks, they think that the orbit of the Earth around the sun is elliptical, but it's not. It's almost perfectly circular. In fact, during our summertime, we're actually a little further from the sun, about 1 .7%, and in wintertime, we're actually a little closer to the sun in the northern hemisphere.

And so it's not the closeness of the furthest away being further away from the sun that causes the seasons. That's actually caused by the tilt of the Earth. There's extremely narrow range of possible temperatures, pressures, atmospheric composition that must exist in order to sustain life as we know it.

The precision of the Earth's orbit around the sun can be demonstrated by the fact that the Earth's 365 day, six hour, nine minute, 9 .54 second trip around the sun every year. By the way, the Earth is moving right now at 66 ,600 miles per hour around the sun.

We're moving at 60, can you feel it? Can you feel how, okay, 66 ,600 miles per hour round trip. And how much does that vary from year to year as we go around the sun? It varies by less than a hundredth of a second, okay?

Even though it's such a long period of time. Even if the Earth rotated a little slower on its axis, we would either freeze at night or burn up during the day. So even that is balanced out as well. And then we have the diffusion of heat energy into space by convection and radiation.

The reflection of incoming radiation, it can be about 40 absorption by the atmosphere, 20%. Absorption by land and water, maybe 40%. But of all the energy that we get from the sun, we only pick up 0 .45 billionth of that energy of the sun.

Why is that? Because the sun's so far away, it's 93 million miles away. And so it's a good place for a fusion reactor to be as far away from us as possible, okay? And so we only get 0 .45 billionth of the energy from the sun.

Now we kind of take it for granted that we emit into space about the same amount of energy that we get from the sun, you know, that it's evened out and so forth. That's not true of any other planet. Jupiter, for example, gives off twice as much energy as it takes in, which is a problem for those who think the solar system is old.

It's not a problem for it to be doing it over thousands of years, but for billions of years, what's the mechanism by which Jupiter would put out twice as much energy as it takes in? Same thing's true for Saturn.

It's true for Neptune as well. Uranus is the odd man out. Uranus is pretty much even as far as the energy input and output is concerned. And this precision balance is responsible for the critical balance of forces that drive the hydrological cycle.

There's rains, the rivers, the wind, the glaciers, the snow. And then you have to balance the heat from the Earth's core, the decay of radioactive isotopes in the Earth's crust. So of all the heat in the crust of the Earth, about half of it is from the original creation and the other half comes from the decay of radioactive isotopes.

That has to be balanced out as well. And then you have the conversion of gravitational energy to thermal energy. A potential energy in the form of rain or cosmic dust turning to heat energy, turning to kinetic energy.

And even just the waves of the ocean hitting against the rocks on the seashore. It's like setting off three hydrogen bombs every day. That energy has to be balanced as well. And then you would think, well, what causes the tides?

What causes the interaction? Well, it's because of the moon. You know, the moon is pulling on the Earth and the water's going up and even the land is going up and down. And as it does that, the rocks rub against each other inside the Earth's crust.

That has to be balanced as well. Well, you would think that the Earth would be losing energy. The Earth-moon system would be losing energy because of that interaction. But it actually only changes by, increases by a point.

The Earth day increases by only .002 seconds per century. Well, how can it be so precise? It's because we can actually get energy for the Earth-moon system from the outer planets. I hope in your devotions this morning you thank the Lord for Jupiter.

Because Jupiter helps stabilize the Earth-moon system. It's like a finely-tuned precision device. It gives us energy, keeps us stable, so life can exist on the surface of the Earth. It also keeps some rocks and things from hitting us and causing big craters, okay?

And then we have the, there we go, oh, okay. Then we have the enormous capacity of the Earth's ocean to store thermal energy. Of all the common room temperature liquids, water, other than ammonia, water has the highest heat capacity, 10 times greater than steel.

What do I mean by heat capacity? I mean the ability of water to absorb energy without getting hot. And I was, wanted to show you a demonstration of this. Do I have a young person who wanna come up and help me with this?

Do I have a volunteer? Maybe this young lady right here. What's your name? Abigail, Abigail, I have a job for you to do here. Let's see if I can light my candle. You want your camera? Okay, let's find her, let's find her camera.

I want you to hold it like this. Hold it, start up here. You blew up a perfectly good balloon, look at that.

Now Abigail, we have a water balloon.

So Abigail, why don't you get on your knees right here. You've been wet before? Yeah. Oh good, well get on your knees and look up at the candle. I want you to see what it looks like on, can you get on your knees right here, okay?

Yeah, get a little closer in case the balloon breaks. I wanna make sure you get good and wet. Okay, what's gonna happen when I put the balloon in the candlelight? You think it'll get wet? You think it'll break?

What's it look like under there, Abigail? I don't see it yet. You can go back to your seat, thank you. So I can actually hold the balloon here until the water boiled. Why is that? Because the water has such a high heat capacity, it can absorb the heat faster than the candle can produce it.

So we can actually boil water in the balloon. If you're ever out camping and you need to make some coffee or something and you have a balloon, you can use that, okay? Okay, so let me demonstrate it another way, the high heat capacity of water.

So here's a, what I have in here is a rag that's soaked in isopropyl alcohol and salt water. What I'm gonna do is I'm gonna set it on fire. It's gonna be like Moses' burning bush.

It will burn but not be consumed, okay?

So the alcohol burns and the water absorbs the heat because it has a high heat capacity, high heat of vaporization. And the salt water there, the salt's there so you can actually see the flame, otherwise it'd be a non-luminous flame.

And so we can, it doesn't burn. Almost done, almost done.

I have to use your microphone, just leave it there. I can talk into it. I like to be close to my teddy bear. So this cloth, see it's hardly, I can touch it, it's not hardly hot at all. It's made out of cloth.

Now I dare say that there's somebody in the audience that has something made out of cloth in their wallet and it's green. And I'd like to try to set it on fire. So who has a 20? Does anybody have a $20 bill?

20, 10? These are Christian people, they don't have any money.

I'll settle for a one if that's all you have. Or maybe you have some, you have a five? Some going, five going?

We have to support ourselves somehow. Here we go. Okay, so we're gonna dunk Andrew Jackson in here. Set him on fire. See, it's perfectly fine.

It's very wet, but it will dry. We call this money laundering. Now I do have to tell you a story though. My husband, being a good scientist. I don't think we have time for that story. When we were in Australia.

I can cut your mic. If you've ever been to another country, right, they have different money. So in Australia, they have, I only have a five with me today. Here, perfect. You want me to talk into the mic?

Yeah. Okay. But they have different colors, different sizes. All their bills are different. But you can see that this is not made out of cloth.

What do you think that is? Their money's made out of plastic.

Well, my husband is such a good scientist. He's so curious, right? You have to be very curious. So the day before. You also have to be a knucklehead. Before we came home about six years ago, he decided to try Australian money.

Well, plastic and water. Water does not protect plastic when you set it on fire.

Well, because the plastic doesn't hold the water on its surface.

Okay, so he came to me. Now, if you didn't know what was gonna happen, what would you do? Would you use a five or a 10 or a 20 or a 50? You'd probably use a five. That's their smallest is a five, right?

Oh, not my husband. He's so confident. And he used a 50. And he came to me and it was totally bubbled all up.

Melted, right? She said she was speechless, but she wasn't.

I thought, you did what? And then I remembered in America that if you have a bad bill, it's torn or something like that, you can just take it to the bank and they'll trade it and give you a new one. So my hope was up and I thought, on the way home now, we're leaving the next day for America.

If you see a bank, I'll go in and see if they'll trade it for me, right? So we did see a bank. I went in and the first thing they said was, do you have an account here? They're really pretty tight with their money, with their banks over there.

And I said, no, I'm from America. And they said, sorry. I mean, I even tried the supervisor, everybody. Sorry, we can't do anything for you. And I was crushed again. $50, I mean, anyway. So we went back to the missionary's house and sure enough, they said, well, we have an account at a bank.

They'll trade it for us. Well, we went back to America the next day and about three weeks later, sure enough, I found out, yes, they did get a $50 bill. So isn't that, to me, that's interesting because it makes a good story for me to tell now, but also because that's the way the Lord had us give them $50.

The missionaries obviously needed $50 more than we did. So why didn't you give them, just give them the $50?

Because I'm a moron, obviously.

But what I was gonna do next because I tell that story, he was gonna set me on fire, but I forgot the nozzle for the propane tank. Will you forgive me?

It's online. You can see me set her on fire online. So just go to our website. You can see it. This is $20. Oh, give somebody their $20 back here, okay. Anyway, the point is that water has such a high heat capacity.

You see the Psalm 24, verses one and two, the earth is the Lord's and the fullness are of the world and they that dwell therein. For he hath founded it upon the seas and established it upon the floods.

Okay, well, that's really important. If the earth was smooth like a billiard ball, there's so much water on the earth, it would cover the earth to a level of a mile and a half. That's how much water's there.

So even right now, the surface of the earth, water covers it 71, 72%, okay. So that high heat capacity keeps the earth temperate. It keeps the earth from getting too hot or too cold and therefore allows life to flourish on the surface of the earth.

So God had to balance that as well. Then you have the North and South Pole ice sheets. If melted, would submerge large amounts of land. That has to be considered. And then the greenhouse effect. Well, let me go to the greenhouse effect.

This is Al Gore here and I don't know how that's, there we, can we go back to the greenhouse effect? No, we don't have to go to the greenhouse effect. I don't know where it went. Oh well, heat trapped.

There was a greenhouse effect there at one time. Anyway, greenhouse, the heat's trapped by the water vapor, carbon dioxide, other gases retard the escape of long-range radiation. So you think about a car on, no, that's not it either, car on a sunny day.

So I had a student from Guam and I found her sitting in a car, park car on a very hot day in South Carolina. She had the windows rolled up and I knocked on the window and said, you know, what are you doing?

And she said, she said, oh, Dr. Matsko, I'm so homesick. She says, I got in this park car and rolled the windows up. She said, because I wanted to feel like home. Must have been 120 degrees in there. And I thought, I don't want to live in Guam.

But without the greenhouse effect, without the greenhouse effect, the earth would be too cold for life. That has to be balanced. And they have air currents. The heat balance is maintained by air currents that makes the hotter air near the surface with colder air aloft by means of convection.

And then you have the tilt of the earth, okay? The tilt of the earth, 23 .5 degrees. And it's stable. The moon, our moon actually stabilizes the tilt because our moon is in an unusual orbit. Most moons of most planets are in equatorial.

That is, they go around the equator of the planet. Our moon is in the ecliptic, okay? Now if you remember your high school geometry, a plane is defined by three points. So the sun, the earth, and the moon, that's the ecliptic.

So because it's in the ecliptic, it stabilizes the tilt to 23 .5 degrees. Now the Mars doesn't have a big moon like we have. And so the tilt of Mars goes from zero to 60 degrees, okay? So you couldn't live on a planet like Mars because the tilt is not stable.

So God has to balance that as well. Isn't it possible, some might ask, that man through his actions can upset this incredible precision that God has created? And what are the big concerns that people have?

People are concerned that we're making more and more carbon dioxide by burning fossil fuels and burning the rainforest and driving cars and so forth. And they're concerned about things. One of the things they're concerned about is the thermal hailing circulation, which is one of the slides that went by earlier.

There we go, thermal hailing circulation. And I went to a climate conference years ago at the University of North Carolina. And they, we were sitting, they had us each at a table with a climate expert.

And I said to this climate expert, I said, if global warming is true, what would you expect things to be and what would the weather be like in the future? And he said, it'd either be colder than normal or hotter than normal or wetter than normal or drier than normal.

And I did the same thing, I went like that and he wouldn't talk to me anymore. But he was right, I didn't understand. So global warming doesn't mean that the whole earth gets warmer. In fact, one of the things they're concerned about is because Greenland ice would melt, it would actually pour all this fresh water into the North Atlantic and shut down the thermal hailing circulation.

And that would cause Europe to get a lot colder, okay? So Europe would freeze over in a world where global warming took place. Here's another thing that they're concerned about is the Western Antarctic ice sheet.

They're concerned about the ice melting. The Western Antarctic ice sheet is up on land and so if all that ice melted, it would actually cause the ocean levels to rise, some people say, by 20 meters, as much as 20 meters, which is goodbye Florida, goodbye New York, so long Hong Kong and so forth.

So they're really concerned about these things. Now, if you look at that Western Antarctic ice sheet, how did you get that ice sheet there to start with? Where did it come from? You know, Antarctica is the driest continent on earth and so you wouldn't expect to build up miles and miles of ice.

Well, this had to be left over from the ice age. So if you think about it as a Christian, you think about you have the flood and with the flood, you have a lot of potential energy being turned into kinetic energy, thermal energy, so you have warm water, a lot of warm water.

And with a lot of warm water, you get a lot of storms and a lot of rain and so forth. And then you have a lot of, you know, the fountains of the great deep are broken open, so you have a lot of ash up in the air and so you have cold air because it's blocking the sunlight.

And so about 100 years after the flood, during the time of Peleg and so forth, the ice age really starts getting going and so you get these big ice sheets that form on the continents. They start in the middle of the continent and they work their way to the edges.

See the scratch mark on the rocks? And it lasts for maybe 600, 700 years until the water starts cooling down again and the volcanoes settle down and so forth. And so we still have a remnant of that ice age from the past and that ice is melting.

That's what we'd expect. So as Christians, thinking about it biblically, we'd expect the world to be warming up ever since the ice age. That's pretty much what we see. There's a lot of variation, but we see the things generally warming up.

Next slide. And if we look at the computer models, the computer models are really, don't work very well. These are 102 IPCC models, climate models that are averaged there. So the red line is what they predict based on the computer models and the actual measurements are the green and the blue that you see there.

You can see we're not doing very good at predicting what's gonna happen with our computer models. And that makes sense. It also makes sense, if you think about meteorologists, they understand this. So your weatherman, they use similar types of models and that's why the meteorological societies are very skeptical about the climate change because they understand the limitations of the models.

If I told you it was gonna rain tomorrow, you might take an umbrella. If I told you it was gonna rain next week, you'd say, well, I'll wait and see. If I told you it was gonna rain next month, you'd say, he's crazy.

Nobody knows. I told you it's gonna rain 1 ,000 years from now. That's the thing. So we understand the same kind of models are what they use. And what I'm saying is it's so complex. There's so many factors that God has to balance in order to keep the Earth stable that we really can't know what is gonna happen in the future as far as this climate change is concerned.

Next slide. So here's a picture of the Ice Age. It gives you an idea that we talked about. You have all the volcanic activity and you have the warm water and so forth and you get the snowfall. So Ice Age is called not because the Earth is cold, but because you have a lot of moisture and you have a lot of cold air blocking the sunlight.

What's the, next slide. So what's the effect of man's sin on the Earth? You know, the greatest pollutant that we have in the world is man's sin. That's one people don't take into account. We realize that in Genesis chapter six, verses five through eight, that God saw the wickedness of man's heart was great in the Earth.

And so because of that, we had the flood that occurred. So you have the flood, the Ice Age, the slow warming, and then we see in Romans 8 .22, for we know that the whole creation groaneth and travaileth in pain together until now.

So this is in the context of believers in the sinful world with all their aches and pains waiting to be redeemed and given a new body. So the Earth is under the curse of sin and groans and is decaying, waiting for the time of renewal.

The Earth is running down. This Earth has a bye-bye date. You know, you go to the grocery store, you get a gallon of milk, and it says, you know, best if bought, purchased before such and such a date.

Well, this Earth is like this, too. It's not supposed to last forever. It's running down because of man's sin. I mean, if you're interested in global warming, you know, read the Book of Revelation. A lot of global warming in Revelation, okay?

And what causes the disasters in the Book of Revelation? I know maybe they'll have the thermal hailing circulation will cut out. Maybe the West Antarctic Ice Sheet will slide off during that time, but it's because of man's sin, not because he's driving, all right?

Now, what should be our position as far as political and economic aspects of global warming? Next slide. We see in 2 Peter 3, verses three through seven, says, knowing this first, that there shall come in the last days scoffers walking after their own lust and saying, where is the promise of his coming?

For since the fathers fell asleep, all things continue as they were from the beginning of creation. For this they are willingly or ignorant of. By the word of God, the heavens were of old, the Earth standing out of the water in the water, thereby the world that then was being overflowed with water perished.

By the heavens and the Earth, which are now, by the same word are kept in store, reserved unto fire against the day of judgment and perdition of ungodly men. So what do we know about these scoffers in the last days?

Number one, we see they walk after their own lust. That is, they have strong desires for money and fame and prestige and power. Could that describe some of the politicians and corporate leaders who are pushing for action on global warming?

Any actions taken by government will produce winners and losers. Who will be the winners? Who will be the losers? Politicians who promote action for political or financial gain. Companies that have a financial stake.

I used to have my students as an exercise, tell me which corporation has the most gain by legislation on global warming? And they would come back and say, well, General Electric. I say, why General Electric?

Because they make windmills, okay? And so they would benefit more by legislation on global warming. And so people have financial stakes in trading schemes, those who are promoting one world government, scientists who wish to receive grants for global warming research and so forth.

Then these scoffers, they deny the literal return of Christ. They're ignorant of the ways of God. In that passage I read, verse five says, they're willfully ignorant. They deny the judgment of a worldwide flood caused by God.

And so they believe that this change that are taking place, that ultimately, man is in control of the world, not God, okay? They depend on this principle of uniformitarianism. And so if there's anything outside of the normal cycles, then man must be responsible.

And therefore, man, because he caused the problem, man has to solve the problem. That's the idea there. Because nothing new happens, things just go in cycles. Everything rolls along by itself. You would think that global warming would contradict uniformitarianism, this idea that everything continues on as it has.

But these scoffers believe the world just follows natural laws and nothing out of the ordinary happens. There's no thought about God creating all things. There's no acknowledgment that God can step in and has stepped in to the natural cycle, into our history, into our weather, into our lives.

So what do scoffers think about global warming? And rather than admit that God can step in to an ordered world, they come up with a theory that it's man with his industry and his automobiles that has broken the uniform cycles and placed our planet in jeopardy.

And therefore, it's man who must fix the problem. Next slide. But even if we accept the idea that mankind is responsible for global warming, what can we do about it? And the answer is, very little. On the, it's a little hard to see from this distance, but on the left-hand side, these are various climate models and so forth.

And how much money would have to be spent? The one on the right-hand side is a 1 .5 degree increase. And the cost there is $37 .8 trillion in constant $2 ,000. So you know, a trillion here, a trillion there.

After a while, it adds up to real money. And so the point I'm trying to make here is that even if we shutter all of our industry, we can make very little difference, even according to their own models, as far as global warming is concerned.

If you look on the right-hand side, you can see the various models and so forth. You can see that the range there over a period of over 100 years is going to be less than half a degree change. So for example, we took mission teams to Australia for 23 years.