The Beginning of the Reformation - Luther

We are I guess we're Today is October 31st, and it's a it's a big day, and it's not because This evening there's going to be all sorts of oddly dressed people parading about the streets of the city but obviously today is

Reformation Sunday and We remember What happened on October 31st 1517?

At least we do I'm afraid that a large portion of evangelicals today

Probably couldn't tell you the difference between Martin Luther and Martin Luther King As to when they lived what they did or what they believed

One was a Trinitarian and one was not just I had mentioned that in passing Didn't catch all by surprise they didn't realize

Martin Luther King denied the deity of Christ and was a formal heretic didn't know that did you okay? Anyways, that's not a popular thing to point out, but his writings are are filled with that kind of silliness, but anyway

Martin Luther When he nailed the 95 theses to the castle church door at Wittenberg was doing nothing more than seeking a academic debate

Within the context of the church of his day He was not seeking

To start a new movement he was not seeking to start the Protestant Reformation everybody who got up on November 1st 1517 had no earthly idea that future generations would look back and Look at that as the first day of the

Protestant Reformation but hindsight is 2020 and as I mentioned

Wednesday evening it has struck me many many times in my study of church history That there would have been individuals

That I would have chosen To lead the Reformation that would seem significantly more

Prepared and gifted for the work than someone like Martin Luther or Ulrich Zwingli Zwingli's Reformation in Zurich Pretty much paralleled

Luther's he was only a few years behind him and he wasn't I mean he was aware of Luther and and Luther's actions had some impact upon him, but It was not like he was just simply following after Luther There were there were unique elements to that and so really you you had the

Reformation beginning in multiple places pretty much concurrently with one another and in fact five years before Luther a man by name

Jacques Lefebvre in France had said many of the same things that that Luther said and many

French Protestants today actually trace The Reformation back to 1512 not to 1517 there was something going on But it really hadn't just started then let me tell you a story about Luther After he posted the 95 theses there was a debate that took place between himself and a man by the name of Johann Eck this took place in on April 26 1518 so You know about six months later remember things didn't things did not happen back then the speed they happen today

I'm convinced that much of the the shallow thinking and lack of attention that we have is because we are just hit

With with new information every day we live in a data fog and The fact that there was a debate by April of 1518 from something posted

October 31st 1517 to us might seem to be slow But back then was actually pretty quick Because you know you nail something up to the door that wasn't a protest it was an announcement and It takes time for that stuff to get around It had to be printed printing was a new process

It had to be distributed had to be read Arrangements had to be made and if you wanted to arrange something you didn't just you know reach over and you know pick up your

Droid and Luther there. He is hey Marty, baby. What's going on? You know you didn't you didn't do that back then even if you wrote a letter

You might you know you didn't have It had to get there slowly if it got there at all

Communication arranging things can you imagine that you know I I fly a lot

I'll be covering out. Oh what another 18 ,000 miles or something over this week flying down to Lima Peru and back and If you've landed on a plane

You know that basically as soon as the wheels touch down now They allow you to fire up your cell phone, and it's funny to sit there and listen

To all the all the cell phones firing up, and then you start hearing that And all the all the little voicemails and text messages that are waiting for you

And and it's just we're just so connected, and you're still taxing to the gate, and there's communication taking place

That's not how things were back then and It really gave me an opportunity to think about things before you actually opened your mouth and said things about things

It was a fascinating concept so a debate takes place Between Johan Eck and Martin Luther and this this particular encounter forces him to Start thinking through What really

He had said in the 95 theses where he was simply Concerned about the subject of indulgences many people were many people looked at it.

It was just such a gross monetary selling of God's forgiveness that That the average person could see man.

This is just this is just all wrong but it is at The Disputation that takes place

That's a discovery takes place on Luther's part and that is he

Was accused in the course of this Disputation of being a hussite

Now what was the hussite? Well a hussite was a follower of Jan Hus Now Luther knew who

Jan Hus was everybody knew who Jan Hus was Jan Hus was a heretic Primarily knew of Jan Hus not for having having read anything

He said but Jan Hus had been burned at the stake at the Council of Constance in 1415 so just over a hundred years earlier now

Once someone was burned to the stake that really didn't generally do a lot for their book sales and so it's understandable why

Luther would not really know what Jan Hus had had to say all he knew was he didn't want to be burned to stake and so if Someone famous had been burned to stake and you started calling you said someone you're following after that person

Everybody knew that person had been burned by a council of the church Things are getting a little personal.

I mean we think things are personal in the political races right now, and they certainly are but now you're talking about doing something to get somebody killed and So we're not sure exactly how it worked, but one of the sources says that During one of the breaks in the debate

Luther went to the library Luther was on the visiting team remember I mentioned

Wednesday night that you'd have these debates And they would get together, and this was this was the entertainment between maybe

I didn't mention it here, but When universities would compete it wasn't like yesterday Where you have football teams out there?

They did debates and So the young people would come and you know they'd cheer people on and then at night

They'd go out and paint the town red, and this is this is how you entertain yourself and as an as a university student in those days and so Luther was on the visiting team from Wittenberg and So he went to the visiting team's library during one of the breaks and debate and dug up information and the writings of Jan Hus and I would love to have a have a video of Luther at one of these tables from the medieval period and these big books

Most of them were still handwritten at that time and he's he's reading what

Hus has said and the the point of time when the light came on to imagine what it was like when he sat back in his chair and realized

That Jan Hus had said many of the things he was saying Eck was right Luther was saying many of the things that Jan Hus said and Jan Hus had been burned alive

What was the thought process? What was going on in his mind when he realized that and the conversations as the visiting team returned home to Wittenberg as Luther is riding along in one of those bump.

Can you imagine those bumpy carriages were like I mean, man a chiropractor back then would have made a mint but you know and It's sort of quiet because words gotten around and Maybe Andreas Karlstadt or someone who's close to Luther so Martin Do you really agree with Jan Hus on some of those things?

What's more? He had been pressed on the fact that look, you know, my indulgence is fine.

They're sold with papal authority The Pope is the vicar of Christ on earth.

Who are you to question him? And so see a process starts and what illustrates is that again

Luther wasn't the first one to have gone here Jan Hus was there before him

Jan Hus had been deeply influenced He dies as I said the Council of Constance of 1415. He was promised safe passage to the

Council of Constance that is the Secular leaders had promised that he would be safe in traveling to and from the conference

That didn't work out too well for Jan Hus to trust that That's going to become important later in Luther's life when he is promised safe passage to the

Diet of Worms That's not Diet of Worms, even though that's how it's spelled

And always gets a real chuckle when I would teach church history to young people. Oh the Diet of Worms.

Oh a diet was a was a Congress a meeting of the Holy Roman Empire and it met at Worms and he was promised safe passage and He trusted in it and He was allowed to leave but it was as he was leaving the

Diet of Worms That Frederick his protector had him kidnapped and taken to the

Vartburg castle and hidden away as Knight George for a period of time because The Emperor was surely going to have him arrested and killed as a heretic so there were some fascinating parallels between Luther and Hus and in fact as Luther was going into Worms Someone had scrawled on the wall next to the main road

Luther the Saxon Hus You know a warning remember what happened to Hus he came with the promise of safe passage.

It's going to happen to you, too So there was a tremendous amount of pressure on on Luther as he did that but Hus was not the first either

Hus had been greatly influenced by the writings of another who logically if we were running only on logic would have been the ones who have

Been the one to spark the Reformation and that was a man of great intellect and fiery rhetoric a man we know as John Wycliffe and Wycliffe was a

English prelate an English scholar He dies toward the end of the 14th century

Of natural causes though he had been summoned to Rome many times where he would have died of very unnatural causes unless you can consider fire a natural cause and Again he had said many of the same things he had

Enunciated what would become the formal principle the Reformation the formal principle the

Reformation is known as sola scriptura sola scriptura the scriptures alone as the soul infallible source of authority for the church

The material principle the Reformation is called sola fide faith alone as the means of receiving

God's righteousness The material principle is what was being preached It's what it's what had the power the formal principle with the basis upon which that was based and that was sola scriptura the sufficiency of Scripture Wycliffe Criticized the papacy he recognized that such dogmas as Transubstantiation were relatively new

Remember, this is a period of time where where anachronism still exists in the culture

What does that mean as I mentioned a number of times before during the medieval period in Europe?

Anachronism was the mindset that people had what does that mean they thought things always been the way they were now if you look at the

Paintings from the medieval period of biblical themes You may have found it strange that David is riding around on a horse living in a castle wearing armor

That's because they thought that that's what things were like things had always been that way if you're born during the medieval period in Europe Generally you would never travel more than seven miles from your home in your entire life

So if you're born in a valley Chances are you'd never even leave the valley That's where you lived your world was very small and so it was easy to think that and Things weren't changing much.

I mean from about 700 to about 1 ,300 Things didn't change much dress technology

Things didn't change a whole lot and so it was

Easy for you to slip into the mindset and everybody did basically that it's always been this way

You didn't question things and that allowed you know culture to be very Stable in that sense well, it's always but we always done it this way, so we'll just keep doing it that way

We don't want to innovation or anything like that and so With that kind of a mindset it was sort of amazing that Wycliffe could recognize

This transubstantiation stuff a fourth ladder in Council. That's not that long ago

This isn't what what early people taught and believed and so on and so forth and so You had these people who came earlier.

Why then doesn't the Reformation begin? With someone like Wycliffe who wrote just as incendiary thing in fact

Wycliffe's writings are significantly more incendiary Than Luther's at least initial writings now starting about 1519 or so when

Luther starts seeing the ramifications of his protests on indulgences a process begins so by 1519 1520 1521 his

Writings you know are veering are sounding more and more Protestant and less and less Roman Catholic That process continues

For example just yesterday a friend of mine posted on on his blog some studies

He had done, and it's very common for Roman Catholic controversial is to say oh well You know Martin Luther people he believed the

Immaculate Conception. Just like we do today. Well. He didn't but as an Augustinian monk he would have at first and How long did it take him to get to the point where he no longer believed that well sometime between 15?

1525 and 1528 or so because a Sermon of his that talks about the

Immaculate Conception was published in 1527 when it was then republished 1528 that was gone

And so somewhere in that time period Luther himself had changed his perspective, but when he stood before Charles the

Diet of Worms He still held too many Roman Catholic beliefs and as I mentioned

Wednesday night died holding to some But it was a process.

It didn't just happen overnight. You just wake up one morning and boom. I'm a Lutheran you know He wouldn't have had any concept of what anything like that would have meant at that point in time, so why didn't it start then?

well because there were all sorts of streams of History that had to come together at one place at one time for the

Reformation to begin and When Wycliffe wrote what Wycliffe wrote it wasn't time

It simply wasn't time. What was missing well some of the most important aspects to keep in mind as to what

Gave rise to the Reformation I talked about some of these on the dividing line

But I know a lot of you don't catch that so If you did then I'm going to be repeating them and therefore you will be expected to know these things very very well since you've heard them twice

First was a decay in the authority of the Roman Church in the 14th century

The Roman papacy experience was called the Babylonian captivity of the church now. What in the world does that mean?

The papacy a lot of people don't know this the papacy moved it left Rome and went to Avenue on France and Was there for quite some time and and then when people say no this isn't right supposed to be in Rome They tried to move it back and that resulted in a schism and for a number of years you had two competing popes

Who busily anathematized each other and the various? Kings and nations of Europe would line themselves up behind one or the other depending on what their political expediency was

So I can guarantee whoever support France The King of England was on the other side and so in The minds of many not just the intellectual, but I mean everybody in Europe knew that this was going on it wasn't a secret and when you have two guys

Anathematizing the other one both claiming to be the vicar of Christ it sort of Damages the idea of the one infallible leader of the church idea

And led to even even when the schism was healed It wasn't healed by a

Pope There was a council the council deposed the other two popes and elected a third, but they didn't accept that so for a while you had three popes and Then finally at the

Council of Constance, which is the same council that burned Ian Huss for preaching evangelical theology that council

Healed the schism and resulted in one Bishop of Rome once again So it wasn't the papacy that healed itself it took a council to do it

Which led to a movement called conciliar ism where councils were viewed as having the ultimate authority well that didn't last long mainly because the

Pope didn't want it to but this had all led to in essence a degradation of People's view of the authority of the church, and then this had led

Only further to a degradation in the papacy itself you had at the time of Of Luther when

Luther visited Rome in 1510 he saw it as a debauched place

He saw it as a place lacking spirituality as a priest. He went into a place where you could offer the mass

And he found Italian priests who were being paid To offer masses to the dead and they would come in and they would

They would rush through it so fast that they weren't even pronouncing the words Just simply to make money, and he was was extremely

Offended by all of this, but he also saw Pope Julius Riding through the streets of Rome in full armor at the head of a column of cavalry

Yeah, you know instead of the Shepherd's crook. You know it's a long sword, and that's that's how where the papacy was at that time

The Borgia Popes were of recent memory Most of them died of being poisoned

You you became Pope because you had the most money as a Cardinal so you could buy everybody else off And it was just a and everybody knew that the

Pope had numerous mistresses and all sorts of illegitimate children, and and it was just a joke and everybody knew it and That was important at this particular point in time

Likewise also very important was were the Ottoman Turks and most people don't realize that Islam had something to do with the

Reformation But it did the Ottoman Turks were coming in from the east Constantinople had fallen to the

Turks in 1453 That did a number of important things one thing that it did was it

As they were moving farther and farther Toward Europe itself into Europe itself

There was a need for political unity so that the Holy Roman Empire and The constituent peoples and Italy and so on so could all send armies to fight them

That no one nation could hold off all the Ottoman Turks, but as a united front they could

Well that meant that they had to be able to compromise on things and so for example Luther taught at Wittenberg which was

Frederick the Wise's own university he started it and So it just so happened that Charles the

Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire who would have much preferred to have just lit Luther up like a candle Couldn't do so because he needed

Frederick's military cooperation in fighting the Turks and So there had to be compromises which gave freedom and Started movements that otherwise would not have been the case had that threat not been there

What's more is when Constantinople fell many of the scholars the Greek scholars?

remember Constantinople modern Istanbul Byzantium as it was once known the center of the

Byzantine Empire was where the vast majority of Greek scholarship had resided for quite some time and so when

Constantinople fell there was a flood of refugees Greek scholars who came into Europe bringing their manuscripts with them and This was extremely important in regards to the collation of the text of the

New Testament The rise and understanding of the Greek language

This is right around the time when when the Renaissance is taking place Renaissance humanism ad fontes to the source they want to they don't want to know what medieval scholars thought about this

They want to go back to the original sources There is a sudden interest in learning Greek a man named

Johannes Reuchlin Learns Hebrew writes the first Hebrew grammar for Christians to use to look at the

Old Testament its original languages All of this was very dangerous to do because the Inquisition would automatically

Assume you're a heretic if you were doing these things and of course all of this requires the printing press

Luther's ideas Zwingli's ideas eventually Calvin's ideas why was it for example once Bloody Mary took over in England and Began to try to reverse the effects of Reformation in England Why was it that so many

English reformers fled to Geneva and Were trained there

Geneva. Well, they had been reading they would they would voraciously get their hands on anything that was published and so as Calvin would be preaching those sermons we translated into English and They would be brought to England and so people went to Geneva and they were trained there and once Bloody Mary's reign ended

Then they went back to England and they brought all that literature with them that could not have happened prior to The invention of printing in the

West in the middle of 15th century. It just couldn't have happened In fact, it couldn't even happen right then because it took more than one printing press

It takes it took time for that technology to spread and become usable and So good 50 -60 years and by 1517 there are enough printing presses available that you can now have this reproduction of These writings and that's why

Rome looked the printing press and that's why Rome had As an enemy that they had the index prohibitorium the index of prohibited books

Which grew exponentially as the printing press allowed these things to have even further distribution amongst the people and so You had to have the printing press to allow this material to get out

Then you had to have the rise of humanism. You had to have men like Lorenzo Vala Lorenzo Vala was the first guy at least that we know of because of what he wrote

Who all sudden realized? things have changed and In fact since things have changed,

I'll bet you things change when we pass written sources down over time What he did is he he said, you know, the

Latin Vulgate gets copied all the time Latin Vulgate was translated by Jerome around the year 400 before and after but let's just use 400 as a nice even number beginning of the 5th century

All right Let's see if we can detect changes in the text of Vulgate By comparing it with Jerome's own commentaries because Jerome Translated the

Vulgate but Jerome's commentaries would not be copied very often And not the most popular guy

I mean popular but still not in comparison how often Vulgate was translated So he went and he gets he gets

Jerome's commentaries and he compares the modern version of the Vulgate with Jerome's own comments in his commentary, which you would assume would be from his own translation and they were and Vala demonstrated that the

Vulgate had been expanded a little bit and There had been a copyist activity in the text of the

Vulgate and he suggested a corrected text based upon Jerome's original commentaries now again

You have to remember in this day. He had to do all this anonymously because even raised these questions could get you put on the rack or tied to a stick and burned like a candle and in fact

No one during his lifetime knew that he had raised these things. It was Erasmus later on Desiderius Erasmus the

Dutch humanist scholar Who ran across Vala's stuff and published them?

Erasmus Was a fascinating fellow he

Lived in a day where there's a he was very influenced by a man named in in England many of John Collett John Collett Was teaching through Romans using this amazing methodology called the grammatical historical method of interpretation

He was actually preaching verse by verse through Romans in the context in which

Rome Which Paul would have written to the Romans in the first place and this just blew people away

Can you imagine? Reading the Bible in this fashion rather than well such and such a scholar

Quoted such as such a scholar who said such and such a thing about such as such a thing which developed in every religion and It kills whatever it develops in that's just the way that it is and so Erasmus was fascinated by him that prompted him to learn the

Greek language better than he had prior to this and Erasmus thought you know

What we really need as Humanists and we use that term negatively today back then it did not have the same connotation it has today

All the humanists were very religious men They just simply believed that God had given men certain gifts and capacities to be able to study and learn these things and So Erasmus goes you know what we really need

We really need a printed edition of the Greek New Testament That's what we need. We don't just need the

Vulgate In fact I'm going to do is I'm going to Come up with a fresh translation in Latin, and I'm going to print it on parallel pages with the

Greek text so he Moved because the area was in did not have enough manuscripts in the work with he he he moved and he contacted a

Man by the name of John Froben and And Froben was a printer

But Froben had some inside information Froben knew that there was already a multi volume well done

Set of the Greek New Testament that had already been printed now Why didn't anybody know about this because they volumes were sitting in a warehouse?

Why were the volumes thing in a warehouse? well Because unlike today if you printed anything you also had to get papal permission before you could publish it and If you think we have red tape today

In dealing with government, can you imagine what it was like back then? to communicate with faraway

Rome and to get approval Especially something would be somewhat controversial

Remember at the at the Council of Florence in the 1400s

The Greeks had come over and they tried to reunify the church the church had split in 1054 between the east and the west well, it didn't work and so in most people's minds

Greek was the language of the heretics and the official Bible of the church was the

Latin Vulgate and So why would anyone want to learn Greek anyways? That's just the language of heretics anyhow so it would have been a controversial thing to do this well

Cardinal Cardinal Jimenez had put together what was called the completion polyglot and Massive work

But they were waiting for approval from Rome and Rome was a bit distracted

At this point in time with all sorts of political intrigue and things like that so Luther I'm sorry

Erasmus dives into the preparation of this text and He Makes good speed through most of it.

He used about five or six manuscripts Ironically the oldest and best manuscript he had he didn't trust

Because it was different in places from the newer manuscripts he had which would have been easier to copy But he still had to make textual choices between the manuscripts.

He had he gets the book of Revelation and Now he's got a problem He had moved to Basel simply because he figured the library would have plenty of manuscripts in view could not find a single manuscript the book of Revelation anywhere and so John Froben knows that there's this big beautiful set just waiting to be

Published already printed. It's gonna take him time to print his He's investing in you know keeping

Erasmus going during this time, so he's really putting the pressure on look we gotta get this thing out and So what

He does what Erasmus does is he he borrows a friend's commentary on the book of Revelation It's a commentary

Written many centuries before him what he does he extracts the text revelation from the commentary so this is what in a handwritten commentary and So you're extracting the text from the handwritten commentary, and I can imagine what that would be like But then what's worse is he gets to the last

Six verses of chapter 22 and the last few pages of the book have fallen off So what he does is he takes the

Latin Vulgate and he translates from the Latin Vulgate into Greek for the last six verses

Of the book of Revelation now in the process he creates all sorts of words and readings that no one's ever seen before But interestingly enough those readings are still in what's called the

Texas Receptus and are still the basis of the King James and the New King James Version to this day So if you have an

NKJV the last six verses of Revelation Will have readings in it that no one had ever seen entire entire life

Until Erasmus rushing to get the first edition of his Greek New Testament out translated from the

Latin Vulgate into Greek To do the last six verses of the book of Revelation, which is interesting

So they get it done, but some of you are sitting there going yeah But who cares they get it done because they still have to wait for papal approval right anybody was thinking about that going

Why are they rushing ah? Well, here's here's what Erasmus does he takes a gamble?

They skip the papal approval part But they dedicate the volume to Pope Leo That's how you try to get around it you dedicate the volume to Pope Leo the tenth so the first printed

Greek New Testament That Erasmus put out was dedicated to Pope Leo the tenth who is the same

Pope? Who writes a little?

papal pronouncement Exergei domine exergei domine

Arise, Oh Lord Why because a a

Swine has broken out in your vineyard, and that's Luther Exergei domine was the letter of excommunication of Martin Luther so The first Greek New Testament that was printed and published not first printed, but first printed and published

Was dedicated to Pope Leo the tenth who would eventually only a few years later excommunicate

Martin Luther But it was one of these Erasmian New Testaments this is 1516 the first one comes out

That falls in the hands of that very same professor from Wittenberg Martin Luther who is at that time studying

Romans and is Instrumental in his recognition that the

Latin Vulgate's when attention agate do penance Is not the same thing as the

Greek New Testament metanoe a repent? and It was the availability of that information that was absolutely foundational to laying a proper foundation to the

Reformation in biblical studies For example in Zurich when

Zwingli would The Reformation in Zurich was quite interesting is primarily done.

You know the Swiss. They're an odd lot very democratic all it's have been The Reformation took place primarily through debates called disputations and Zwingli was a tremendous debater and Most of the

Catholic priest is debating all they can do is Latin Zwingli could read all the original languages and would stand there with a with the

Latin Vulgate the Greek New Testament in the Hebrew and just Blow people away right and left

Where'd you get that stuff well again all these streams of history had to start coming together

At one time one place it wasn't there at the time of Wycliffe It wasn't there at the time of Huss But it was there on October 31st 1517 now as I said

When Luther walked up that door he had no idea that door in essence was the the top of a massive powder keg a religious and cultural and political and intellectual powder keg

He did not know that it was not his intention it was not his purpose it scared him to death and Continued to scare him to death for many years afterwards

He did not know that that door was a was a light a lighter. You know the fuse and That as he walked away that day thinking he had just invited people to engage in debate

That in reality he had lit a fuse that no matter how hard he even might try to Get it out in the preceding in the following months and years

Was not going to go out and the explosion Was great indeed in in many many different ways

So that's why I say on November 1st 1517 everybody woke up Had no earthly idea that anything changed

Frequently, that's how history works But for me as I have over the years considered all these streams that had to come together

The rise of nationalism the fact that many Germans were now viewing themselves more as Germans than just as Christians That made them upset that indulgence money was going straight out of Germany into Italy to build beautiful You know st.

Peter's Basilica in Rome and leaving German Christians with nothing That was extremely important all these things

Had to come together in Exactly the right way for this to take place and so if we confess this was an act of divine providence

Then we certainly have to see that God is a God who is providentially involved in his world and He is accomplishing exactly what he chooses to accomplish in the way he chooses to do so at the time he chooses to do so and We now not quite 500 years later

Look at these situations and We are so often disconnected from them

We don't see the connection that we have how vital they were to development of our own freedoms and so on and so forth but the reality is this wasn't all that long ago and We have

Been deeply influenced by these things and the person who doesn't know The influences that have given rise to their beliefs and understandings is is a person

I think deprived of the depth of those beliefs And likewise deprived the opportunity to rejoice in what

God has done so Reformation Sunday, we're going to be talking about The five solas and things like that in the sermon this morning

But now you've got some background that hopefully will make it all that much more meaningful for you.

All right Let's close the time the word of prayer Indeed our Heavenly Father we do. Thank you for your providence care

Over the very stream of history itself and as we enjoy the many blessings that you have provided to us

In that great event called the Reformation we ask that you would make it ever more sweet to us that we know the gospel

That you have preserved us in that gospel. May we love it May we show our love toward you as we lift up our hearts and worship and praise now.